TRENDS in the PERIODIC TABLE

A trend is a pattern or a repetition of particular properties.

Trends of the periodic table include Atomic Mass, Atomic Radius, Net Nuclear Charge, Ion Size, Metallic or Non-Metallic Property, Electro-negativity, 1st ionization energy

The periodic table is arranged in a certain way to keep elements with similar properties close together

GROUPS vs. PERIODS

Groups go up and down.
Periods go left and right.

Groups share many similarities.

Periods show periodically (regularly) changing properties.

The Periodic Table has a lot of information on it, available for you to use, if you know where to look and what it all means.

The Regents Reference Charts are your friends, play with them.

THERE ARE SEVERAL BASIC TRENDS (or patterns) THAT WE NEED TO RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSTAND.

These Trends are 1. Atomic Mass

(in amu) (size in picometers)

2. Atomic Radius

3. Net Nuclear Charge

(how many protons are in the nucleus of an atom?)

4. Ion Size

(cations and anions)

5. Metal Properties and Non Metallic Properties 6. Electronegativity 7. 1st Ionization Energy levels

Demetri Mendeelev
Developed the first real periodic table which ours is based upon. He was able to predict the missing elements and their properties once the table was put together.

Mendeelev was a genius!

Many of his predictions came true, such as the existence of eka-aluminum which we know as gallium. A missing element in his table made him believe that an element with certain properties belonged there. By looking specifically for this missing eka-aluminum, chemists were able to discover gallium.

His predictions were quite close to the actual values of the various properties he quoted, such as mass, density, ionic formula, and others.

Our FIRST Trend

Atomic Mass
Atomic mass goes higher from element to element, with few exceptions.

The Group Trend is that atomic mass increases. The Period Trend is that atomic mass increases too.

Because of specific properties...

our Periodic Table has a non-regular shape. The elements are arranged by properties rather than a way just make the table be uniform in shape.

The Alkali Metals

are in Group 1
but Hydrogen is not in this group.

Alkaline Earth Metals are in Group 2

This slide left intentionally blank, and you know why.

TRANSITIONAL METALS
are in Groups 3 - 12

INNER TRANSITIONAL METALS

are at the bottom and fit in as shown

NON-METALS
are at the right hand side of the table

Noble Gases
are at the far right, group 18

OUR SECOND TREND

Atomic Radius or Atom Size If you follow along Table S for atomic radius, you find: The Group Trend for atomic radius is that it increases down a group. The Period Trend for atomic radius is that it decreases left to right.

Period Trend for Atomic Radius

Li 2-1 Be 2-2 B 2-3 C 2-4 N 2-5 O 2-6 F 2-7 Ne 2-8

Atoms get smaller as you go across a period.

They gain electrons in the same energy levels, not getting bigger.

The additional positive charge from the additional protons pulls the electron orbital slightly tighter for each atom going across the period.

SHOWS Atomic Sizes for Groups and Periods

This is too easy to even discuss much. Hold onto your hat, and be psyched that this is REQUIRED learning.
Each atom is neutral because it has the SAME number of protons & electrons. Electrons fly around outside the nucleus in orbitals. Protons hang tight (no joke) with the neutrons in the nucleus. Since the neutrons are neutral (hence their name!), the only charge particles in the nucleus are the protons, which are ALL POSITIVE. So, the NET NUCLEAR CHARGE is how many protons are there in the nucleus, and since each is positively charged, that is the answer. Example: Mercury is number 80, with 80 electrons and 80 protons, a neutral atom. It also has 121 neutral neutrons in the nucleus with the 80 protons. So, NET nuclear charge = +80.

Someone, somehow, determined that the most metallic metal was Francium, bottom left hand corner of the Periodic Table. They also came to the conclusion that Helium was to become known as the most non-metallic element. You have to remember that, and you have to be able to compare up to 4 elements at a time and see which is closer to either Fr or He, and decide which is the most metallic, or most non-metallic.

1st IONIZATION ENERGY

The NEXT TREND is

[what the heck was that again?]

First Ionization Energy,

It is the amount of energy needed to remove a valence electron from an entire mole of atoms and make them all into +1 ions. For example To turn a mole of Li atoms into a mole of Li+1 ions,
it would take (look at Table S now)

520 kJ/mole

FIRST IONIZATION ENERGY

the units are kilo-Joules per mole or kJ/mole

There is a whole list of them on your TABLE S,

Please get Table S out now.

Look at Table S, find Sodium

Na has a first ionization energy of 496 kJ/mol That means to take an outer electron from an entire mole of sodium atoms, making each one of those Avogadros Number of atoms into a Na+ ion, it would take 496 kJ for the mole.

FIRST IONIZATION ENERGY FOR SOME SELECTED ATOMS

Na Mg Al Si P 496 kJ/mol 736 kJ/mol 578 kJ/mol 787 kJ/mol 1012 kJ/mol

Going across the 3rd period, the trend for 1st Ionization Energy is to INCREASE. what about Mg to Al then???

The Mg - Al EXCEPTION is one of those unusual places where the periodic table cannot manage to be perfect for all properties. Still, the trend is that first ionization energy increases when going across any period.
Its a trend to wear a tuxedo to the high school prom. But its an exception to wear a color like these guys!

Ionization Energy
just so you know, there are first, second and third ionization energy levels. each is measured with the unit kJ/mol the first is the energy required to remove the first electron the second is to remove an additional electron from the mole of ions (+1 cations into +2 cations, this is not in Regents Chemistry.)

Another Trend Ionic Sizes

Atomic size
atoms get bigger going down a group
atoms get smaller going across a period Cations are always smaller than atoms because the cations lose a whole orbital when they form. Anions are bigger than the atoms they started as, because by adding electrons into the outer orbital, they must stretch a bit larger to accommodate those extra negative charges that push against each other.

K+1

+1 Cs
-1 Br

is larger than

+1 K
-1

is bigger than Cl

when going down a group the ions get bigger

Cs+1
Cs +1

This is true for cations & anions

GOING ACROSS A PERIOD

CATION

S get

smaller

ANIONS get

smaller

too.

TABLE S in your reference charts

has all the data about 1st ionization energy levels, and about atomic sizes and about the last trend that well cover - electro-negativity. If you forget the trend, pick a few atoms and put the numbers onto your periodic table and show yourself the trend. Be sure to use a few though in case you pick a quirky exception (like the Mg to Al bump in 1st ionization energy. DO NOT MEMORIZE, think.

Say it to yourself a few times in your head.

Its a really cool word and you are going to know it real soon too. Impress your friends with new sayings like: Your electro-negativity is really getting on my nerves.

or
My goodness! I can feel your electro-negativity all the way over here!

Electro-negativity
the measure of the attraction an atom has to gain an electron in a chemical reaction.

Its measured on the

Linus Pauling electro-negativity scale.

Fluorine and E-N

Fluorine tops out the scale at 4.0 Pauling set this standard, because he could. Its a totally arbitrary scale, based upon Fluorine and at 4.0 just because. All other atoms are compared to that one.

All the other electronegativity values are relative to Fluorines

Dr. Linus Pauling

Thats him at age 2.

Because of his dynamic personality and his many accomplishments in widely diverse fields, it is hard to define Linus Pauling adequately. A remarkable man who insistently addressed certain crucial human problems while pursuing an amazing array of scientific interests, Dr. Pauling was almost as well known to the American public as he was to the world's scientific community. He is the only person ever to receive two unshared Nobel Prizes, one for Chemistry (1954) and for Peace (1962).

Linus Pauling always emphasized the importance of having a full and happy personal life.

To have met this man must have been quite an honor, he would have made a fine guest for dinner.

In addition to the general recognition as one of the two greatest scientists of the 20th century, he was usually acknowledged by his colleagues as the most influential chemist since Lavoisier, the 18th-century founder of the modern science of chemistry. His introductory textbook General Chemistry, revised three times since its first printing in 1947.

Electro-negativity is the amount of pull that an atom has for another electron in a bonding situation. Fluorine has the greatest desire of all atoms for that electron gain. Fluorine is given the rating of 4.0 on the E-N scale, the highest Electronegativity of all elements.
Electro-negativity is on Table S. You dont have to memorize the trend, you can look it up anytime you want to.

 Going down a group the trend is towards LOWER E-N values.

Going across a period the trend is towards higher E-N values.

It is all about HOW CLOSE IS THE ATOM TO FLUORINE which determines the relative electro-negativity.

REMEMBER
Trends are just trends, they do not ALWAYS hold true. Use your Table S to determine trends, do not guess or foolishly try to memorize so much material when the answers are right in your hand.

READ CHAPTER 14 ASAP