O2-

Mg2+

KMnO4

Redox reactions are a chemical reactions involving simultaneously (serentak) oxidation and reduction processes
Oxidation & reduction : a addition (gain) or loss (elimination) of oxygen or hydrogen

accepting(receives) or donating of electrons

change in oxidation number A Redox Reactions :

Oxidation is the process of gaining oxygen & elimination of hydrogen reduction is the process of losing oxygen & addition of hydrogen oxidising agent is the substance which experiences reduction & receives electrons . reducing agent is the substance which experiences oxidation & donates electrons .

PbO oxidising agent (experiences reduction

Loss of oxygen ---- reduction

Mg

PbO

MgO

Pb

Gain of oxygen ---- oxidation

Cl2 oxidising agent ( undergoes reduction ) --- chlorine oxidises hydrogen sulphide to sulphur Gain of hydrogen --- reduction

H2 S

+ Cl2

2HCl

+ S

Loss of hydrogen --- oxidation

H2S reducing agent ( undergoes oxidation) --- hydrogen sulphide reduces chlorine to hydrogen chloride

Transfer of Electrons

oxidation involves the loss (releases) of electrons

reduction involves a gain (receives) in electrons

metals are oxidised & its loss their electrons to form cations

non- metal are reduced & its receive electrons to form anions .
Chlorine oxidising agent

Reduction Process
Cl2 + 2e2Cl- (gain of electron)

2Na(s)
Na Sodium reducing agent

Cl2 (g)
Na+

2NaCl(s)

+ e ( loss of electron)

Oxidation Process

Determine the oxidation and reduction process , oxidising and reducing agent that occurs in the reactions below . (a) Mg + PbO Cu2+ MgO + 2e2Cu + Pb + 2eCu

(b) Anode : Cu (c) 2CuO + C

; Cu2+ + CO2

(d) Fe2 O3
(e) Mg +

+ 3C
CuO

2Fe
MgO

+ 3CO
+ Cu

Solution :

C : Change in Oxidation Number ( O.N )

oxidation is the increase in oxidation number

reduction is the decrease in the oxidation number O.N of ions is same value to the charge of the ion. Ex : Na+, K+ , H+ is +1

Mg2+ , Ca+2
O2- , S2-

is
is

+2
-2

O.N for atom or molecule in a neutral elements are zero ( 0 ) example : O2 , N2 , Na , Mg, Br 2 is 0 . Oxidising agent --- chlorine gas

O.N +2 -1
2FeCl2 Reducing agent --iron (II) chloride +

Oxidation number decreases (0 -1) reduction 0 +3 -1 Cl2 2FeCl3

oxidation Oxidation number increases( +2 +3)

 (i) The total oxidation number of all the atoms is equal to the charge on the ion . (ii) the total oxidation numbers for all atoms in neutral compound is zero . Example : (i) ClO - , oxidation number of chlorine is X
3

X + 3(-2) X -6

= -1

= -1 X = +5

The charge of chlorate

(ii) The oxidation number of S in MgSO4

+2

+ X + 4 (-2)

= 0
=0 =+6 Oxidation number of S

+2 + X - 8 X

the total oxidation number for dichromate (VI) ion, Cr2O72- is -2 ,

manganate (VII) , MnO4-1

is -1

Test Yourself :
Calculate the oxidation number of the following elements : (a) Manganese , Mn in potassium manganate (VII) , KMnO4

(b) Manganese, Mn in manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 (c) Chromium, Cr, in potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 (d) Cromium, Cr,in chromate(VI) ion, CrO4 2(e) Iron in iron(II) chloride , FeCl2 (f) Iron in iron(III) chloride , FeCl3 (g) Carbon , C in sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

In each of the cases above, the oxidation number of each element is represented by the value of X .

The oxidising agent is the substance that receives electrons experiences a reduction(pengurangan) in the oxidation number .

The reducing agent is the substance that : loses electrons experiences an increase (penambahan) in the oxidation number .

Example : (i) (O.N ) (ii) (O.N) Fe 2+ +2 Br2 0 + 2eFe 3+ +3 2Br-1 + e-

Make sure that you add the electron on the side of the half equation that has the bigger oxidation number

Redox reactions need to shown in the form of : half - equations ionic equations Example : Half equation : Fe2+ Br2 + 2eFe3+ + e2Br
-

-------- (1) X 2 -------- (2) Combined

Ionic equation :

2Fe 2+

Br2

2Fe3+

2Br-

Fe2+ Fe3+ Cl2

Cr3+ Br2 I2

Green solution Brown solution Yellow solution

MnO4 Cr2O7 2-

Purple solution Orange solution Blue solution

Cl-

Br-

I-

Colourless solution

Cu2+

A . Redox Reaction ( The combustion of Magnesium in oxygen) Oxygen oxidises magnesium to magnesium ion . Magnesium releases electrons to form Magnesium ion . Half equation : O.Number Mg 0 Mg2+ +2 + 2e------------(1)

(oxidation)

Magnesium reduces oxygen to oxide ion . Oxygen atom receives electrons to form oxide ion . Half- equation : O2 + 2eO2------------(2)

O.Number

-2

(reduction )

The overall equation : (1) + (2) 2Mg + O2 2MgO Observation : Combusts with a white shiny flame A white solid is formed Oxidising agent : Oxygen

Reducing agent : Magnesium

Reactants

B. The change of iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions ( Fe2+

Fe3+)

Bromine water oxidises iron(II) ion , Fe2+ to iron(III) ion , Fe3+ Iron(II) ion releases electron to form iron(III) ion. Half-equation : O. Number Fe2+ +2 Fe3+ +3 + e------------(1)X 2 Combined

( oxidation)

Iron(II) ion reduces bromine ,Br2 to bromide ion , Br Bromine receives electron to form bromide ion , Br-1 Half-equation : Br 2 + 2e2Br - ------------(2)

O.Number
Observation :

-1

( reduction )

The green iron(II) sulphate solution changes to brown . The brown coloured bromine water is decolourised . Oxidising agent : Bromine water , Br2 Reducing agent : Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ Ionic Equation : 2 Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br -

other oxidising agent : Cl2 ,KMnO4 ,K2Cr2O7 ,HNO3 concentrated,H2O2

C : The change of iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion , Fe2+

Iron (III) ion oxidises Zn atom to zinc ion , Zn2+ Iron(III) ion receives electron to form iron(II) ion The brown iron(III) chloride solution changes to green . Half-equation : Fe3+ O.Number +3 + eFe2+ --------(1) X 2 +2 ( Reduction)

Iron(III) ion -------- oxidising agent ( oxidation number decrease) . Zn reduces iron(III) ion to iron(II) ion . combined

Zinc atom releases electrons to form zinc ion , Zn

Zinc powder dissolves . Zinc metal -------- reducing agent ( oxidation number increase) Half-equation : O. Number Zn 0 Zn2+ +2 + Zn + 2e-------(2)

( oxidation ) 2Fe2+ + Zn2+

The ionic equation : 2Fe3+

Other reducing agent : metals that are more electropositive than iron // SO2 , H2 S gas // Na2 SO3 , SnCl2 solution

D : The Displacement (penyesaran) of Metal from its Salt Solution The element is more electropositive in the E.S, the higher the tendency (kecenderungan) to release electrons to form positive ions . More electropositive , oxidised more easily & act as a reducing agent The higher the position in the E.S. can displace other elements that are lower in the E.S .

K, Na , Ca , Mg , Al , Zn , Fe , Sn , Pb , H , Cu , Hg , Ag , Au
Most electropositive Least electropositive

The displacement reaction between Zn & CuSO4 solution .

Zn more electropositive than copper .
Zn releases two electron to form zinc ion , Zn2+ Zn reduces copper(II) ion ,Cu2+ to copper , Cu Copper(II) ion oxidises Zn to zinc ion ,Zn2+

 Observation :

The blue CuSO4 solution fades or becomes colourless .

A brown solid is formed . The Zn piece is corroded or dissolves . Half-equations : O . Number

Zn loses electrons & is oxidised to Zn2+

Copper is displaced by zinc from the copper(II) sulphate solution . Zn 0 Cu2+ + 2e Zn2+ +2 Cu + 2e----------(1)

( oxidation ) ----------(2)

O. Number

+2

( reduction ) Cu2+ receives electrons & is reduced to Cu Cu

Ionic equation :

Zn

Cu2+

Zn2+

Zn ------ reducing agent Copper(II) ion ------- oxidising agent

E : Displacement of Halogens from Halide Solutions

Halogen ----- Group 17 ------- yellow ------- brown Solution

examples : Cl2 ( chlorine) Br2 ( bromine)

I2 (iodine)

------- yellow or brown

can be differentiated by shaking the solution with a little CCl4 Halogens are reduced to halide ions Halogen ----- oxidising agent The more reactive halogen can displace less reactive halogens from its halide solutions. Group 17 : Flourine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Reactivity decreases, higher act as a oxidising agent

Chlorine water react with sodium bromide solution

Chlorine water , Cl2 oxidises bromide ion, Br- to bromine ,Br2

Bromide ion , reduces chlorine , Cl2 to chloride ion , Cl Bromide ion, Br- releases electrons to form bromine ,Br2 Half-equation : 2Br -1 colourless Half-equation : Br2 0 brown + 2e------ (1) oxidation

Chlorine , Cl2 receives electrons to form chloride ion , ClCl2 0 yellow Ionic equation : (1) + (2) Cl2 + 2BrBr2 + 2Cl Chlorine ----- oxidising agent Bromide ion ----- reducing agent Chlorine displaces bromine from the sodium bromide solution. + 2e2Cl-1 ------- (2) reduction

decolourised(colourless)

Confirmatory Test for the Bromine, Chlorine and Iodine

By adding and shaking the halogen solution in tetrachloromethane

(CCl4 ) liquid

Colour in water Solution Concentrated Iodine Bromine Chlorine Brown Brown Light greenish yellow Dilute Yellow Yellow Colourless Colour in CCl4

Purple Brown Colourless

F:

Transfer of Electrons at a Distance

a) If two chemicals are separated at a distance by an electrolyte solution in a U-tube b) acts as a salt bridge . c) used to separate two solutions but allows ions to pass (flow) through to complete the circuit . d) examples : H2SO4 , KNO3 , Na2SO4 solution

oxd

reduction

The electrons that are released from reducing agent (negative electrode) will flow out through outer circuit to the oxidising agent ( positive electrode)

The Reaction Between Bromine Water and Iron(II) Sulphate solution

Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ releases electron & is oxidised to iron(III) ion , Fe3+ Fe2+ O. Number +2 Fe3+ +3 + e-1 ---------- (1) ( oxidation)

The green solution ,(Fe2+) changes to brown, Fe3+ The electrons that are released collect at the carbon electrode that is immersed in FeSO4 It act as the negative terminal . Bromine ,Br2 receives electron & is reduced to bromide ion, Br-1 Half equation : Br2 + 2e2Br-1 --------------(2) brown colour decolourised

O.Number

-1

(reduction)

the carbon electrode in bromine water act as the positive terminal the ionic equation :O. Number 2Fe2+ +2 + Br2 0 2Fe3+ +3 + 2Br-1 -1

 oxidising agent ----- Bromine water , Br reducing agent ----- Iron (II) ion, Fe The galvanometer needle is deflected because the movement of electrons from the negative electrode to the positive electrode produces an electric current .

(Negative terminal) (Positive terminal)

Oxidation

Reduction

Test Yourself

The figure shows a U-tube redox cell .

(a) Write a summary of the redox reaction for the reaction between Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution and the acidified potassium manganate (VII) , KMnO4 solution.
(b) Can dilute sulphuric acid be replaced with dilute hydrochloric acid ? Give the reason for your answer .

Solution :

(a) Observation :
Electrode (-) : The green coloured iron(II) nitrate solution changes to brown Electrode (+) :

The purple coloured acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution is decolourised .

Half equation : Electrode (-) : Fe2+ Fe3+ + e----------( oxidation)

Electrode (+) : MnO4Ionic Equation :

+ 8H+ + 5e+ MnO4 - + 8H+

Mn2+ +

4H2O

(reduction)
+ 4H2O

5Fe2

Fe3+

+ Mn2+

Oxidising agent : manganate(VII) ion Reducing agent : Iron (II) ion .

Confirmatory test for the product( Fe ) that is formed. Add sodium hydroxide solution, a brown precipitate is formed .

(b) Can . Hydrochloric acid also allows the transfer of ions to occur .

Redox Reaction in a simple voltaic cells The porous pot ( pasu berliang) --- to separate the two solutions but allows the ions
to flow through it to complete circuit . the transfer of electrons occur from reducing agent to the oxidising agent through an outer circuit . The negative electrode ( anode) ----- metal which is more electropositive in the E.S. The positive electrode ( cathode) ----- metal which is less electropositive in the E. S. electron flows from the negative electrode to the positive electrode . two types of Daniell cell that uses a porous pot :

At the negative electrode( anode) : Zn is more electropositive than copper Zn has more tendency to releases two electrons to form zinc ion,Zn2+ Zn rod acts as the negative electrode . Zn Zn2+ + 2e -----oxidation process occurs

The electrons will flows from the zinc rod to the copper rod through the outer circuit
an electric current is produced .

At the cathode :
copper ion, Cu2+ receives two electrons to form copper atom, Cu & undergoes reduction process . Cu2+ + 2e Cu ------ reduction process

Copper(II) ion oxidises(mengoksidakan) zinc, Zn to zinc ion, Zn2+

Cu2+ ----------oxidising agent Zinc reduces(menurunkan) copper(II) ion,Cu2+ to copper atom, Cu Zn ------------reducing agent

Overall Ionic Equation : +2 Zn 0 + Cu2+

Reduction
Zn2+ +2 +

0 Cu

Oxidation

Observation : cathode the blue copper(II) sulphate solution becomes fade/ colourless --- a brown solid forms at the copper rod // the copper rod thickens // the mass of the copper will increases. anode ---- the zinc rod dissolves / corrodes/ becomes thinner(menipis)

Cell symbol :
Zn(s) / Zn2+(aq) // Cu2+ (aq) / Cu(s)

G . Corrosion of Metals
occur when a metal loses electrons & is oxidised to form the metal ion . the metal is corroded example : Iron loses electrons to form iron(II) ion , Fe2+

O. Number

Fe
0

Fe2+
+2

+ 2e-1

------- oxidation

Iron is corroded .

If magnesium loses electrons to form magnesium ion Mg2+ , magnesium is corroded. Mg Mg2+ + 2e------- oxidation The metals is more electropositive in E.S. , corrode much easier .

because the metals more tendency to release electrons to form metal ions
Example : Al corrodes more easily compared to copper . because Al is more electropositive than copper . the rusting requires water and oxygen
Metal corrosion

RUSTING OF IRON

corrosion

At the end of the water droplet ( Anode / negative terminal ) the iron , Fe loses electrons and is oxidised to iron(II) ion, Fe Stage 1 Iron(II) ion dissolves in water

Iron is corroded .
Fe Fe2+ + 2e ------oxidation The electrons flows to the edge(pinggir) of the water droplet through the iron

 At the edge of the water droplet ( cathode / positive terminal ) Stage 2

Electrons are received by oxygen & water to form OH ions through reduction
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH------ Reduction

Stage 3

Iron(II) ion , Fe2+ & hydroxide ion , OH- combine to form iron(II) hydroxide ( green solid )

Fe2+ (aq)

+ 2OH-1 (aq)

Fe(OH)2 (s)

Stage 4

Iron(II) hydroxide , Fe(OH)2 is then oxidised by oxygen to form hydrated Iron(III) oxide, (brown solid ) or rust . O2 in the air equation : Fe(OH) Fe O .3H O (rust)
2 2 3 2

Iron rusting

Example : Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals

is a process that occurs when two metals come into contact(bersentuhan) with an electrolyte . the more electropositive metal will donate(release) electrons & is corroded If the iron comes into contact with metal that is more electropositive ,it will not corrode . the corrosion of iron can be accelerated by the presence of electrolytes such as acid & salt solution.
K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Au More easily corroded

Tendency for corrosion increases

Difficult to be corroded

Example : The effect of rusting when iron comes into contact with other metals ( Mg, Cu , Zn , Sn) Hypothesis : Iron is protected from rusting when it comes in contact with more electropositive metals, but rusts when it contact with less electropositive metals .

B A

rusting

Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution ---- to detect the presence of iron(II) ions .

Iron nail is corroded, the dark blue colour will be seen in the solid agar .

Phenolphthalein will turn pink in colour if OH- ions are present.

The gas bubbles formed are hydrogen gas . The iron nail in test tube B is not corroded , while zinc is corroded because Zn is more electropositive than iron .

In test tube A ,the iron nail is corroded because Iron more electropositive than copper .

Iron is alloyed with other metals such as chromium or nickel to produce stainless steel

Huge iron construction structure such as bridges protected from corrosion by using sacrificial metals(logam korban) such as Mg & Zn

PREVENTION THE RUSTING OF IRON

Iron sheet used as house roofs Are galvanised with a layer of zinc

Coating a layer of metal such as Al or Sn on food tins

Applying a coat of Al such as car bumpers or water pipes

Wrapping the iron with a layer of plastic . Ex: hangers

Applying paint,oil or grease on surface such as engine

Reactivity Series (R.S) of Metals

A : Metals with Oxygen

Metal is heated in oxygen to produce metal oxide .A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from its oxide. Observation : Mg ----- burn very rapidly & vigorously with a very bright flame ------ metal oxide colour : white powder ( Hot & cold )

Zinc ---- burns rapidly , glows brightly

----- metal oxide colour : yellow when hot & white when it is cold . Iron ----- burns rapidly, glows less brightly than Zn ----- metal oxide colour brown when hot & cold Cu Pb ----- very slow reaction ----- metal oxide colour black ( hot & cold ) ----- burns slowly

----- metal oxide colour : brown when hot & yellow when colour

The position of Carbon in the R. S. K Na Ca M g Al C Zn Fe Sn

Example : The reaction between Lead(II) oxide with Carbon
Observation : burn brightly : produces a grey solids Inference : Carbon is more reactive than Lead If carbon is more reactive than metal X , a flame or glows(baraan) can be seen. If carbon is less reactive than metal Y ,the flame or glows will not be seen when carbon react with metal oxide Y is heated .

Reactivity decreases

Pb Cu
Ag Au

Equation

: PbO + C

Pb

+ CO2

PREPARED BY

PN ZAINAB BINTI AYUB

22 JULY 2008