AP/HUMA 1770 6.

0A One World: Historical and Cultural Perspectives of Globalization

Lecture 18

Revolution

Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. Ideology and Global History Russian Revolution and Stalinism The Chinese Revolution Mexico, India and Africa

What is ideology?
A system of ideas that is the basis of a political or economic system A manner of thinking characteristic of a class or society: rooted in beliefs, ambitions, resentments, economics, hierarchies Examples include liberalism, socialism, fascism

The Old Regime in Russia

Absolute Monarchy Divine Right to Rule Rich Aristocracy Living in Splendor Majority of the population are impoverished peasants Also a small bourgeoisie middle class Small industrial working class

Political Opposition to Tsarism

Liberals Social Revolutionary Party (SR) The Marxists:
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party:
Bolsheviks (Majority) Mensheviks (Minority)

Revolution of 1905
Dress Rehearsal for 1917 Brought on by peasant unrest, desire for political reform and defeat in Russo-Japanese war of 1904-5 On January 22, protests at the Winter Palace culminate in a massive bloodbath 130 die, about 1,000 wounded Bloody Sunday reveals to the people that the Tsar will not protect them

Unrest continues workers set up self governing councils called Soviets Tsar forced to agree to a Duma (Parliament)

The War
Enormous loss of life By 1916, War Industries Committee has transformed St. Petersburg into an industrial centre, with 35% of the population as workers Liberals demand reforms in government Tsar makes some concessions, but not enough

The Crisis Worsens

By 1916, peasants start hoarding grain, strikes get worse Alexander Kerensky and nobles demand reforms

Demonstration outside the Winter Palace in January 1917

Russia: The February Revolution

February 25 General Strike Tsar ordered the local garrison to suppress the rebellion; they wavered Duma ordered to dissolve; they refuse and form a Provisional Government February 27 Socialists create Workers Councils (Soviets) Dual power Tsar abdicates on March 2, 1917

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

1870-1924 Goal was to bring Marxism to Russia Leader of the Bolsheviks Returned to Russia April 1917

April Crisis
Lenin returns to St. Petersburg in April 3rd and issues his April Theses
April Crisis over the issue of the war erupts on April 20

October Revolution
Failed attempts to seize power by Bolsheviks (July) and by right wing General Kornilov (August) October 24, 1917 Bolsheviks seize government buildings in St. Petersburg Storm the Winter Palace in the evening Revolution by telegraph followed

Events of 1917-1918
Formation of the Secret Police (Cheka) Constituent Assembly shut down by Bolsheviks March 1918, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
of Imperial Russia surrendered to the Germans German occupation of Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine

Events 1918-1921
February 1918 all land nationalized War Communism caused the expropriation of major industries Food forcibly seized for redistribution Execution of the Tsar and his family Civil War between Whites and the Reds 1919-1921 Whites supported by Foreign soldiers from more than a dozen countries Creation of the Third International (Comintern) March 1919

Josef Stalin
1879-1953 Came to power in the late 1920s after a power struggle within the party Purged Trotsky and eventually thousands more Instituted Five Year Plans

Leon Trotsky vs. Josef Stalin

Stalins Counter Revolution?

Stalin wins the intra-party struggle against his enemies in the Communist Party
Leon Trotsky forced into exile

Abandons principle of world revolution wants to build Socialism in One Country First Five Year Plan (1928-1932)
Rapid Industrialization Forced Collectivization of Agriculture

Show Trials
Began in 1936 and ended in 1938 Those on trials forced to confess in court

Part of the Great Purge

724,000 killed another 1 million sent to labour camps (Gulags)

The Cult of the Leader

Who is that man who appears to the toilers, Spreading happiness and joy all around? It is Stalin, I shout, so the whole world will hear, It is Stalin, our Leader and Friend.

Revolutionary China (1911-1949)

1911- Formation of a republic 1925 -1927 Failed Communist Revolution 1937-1945 Japanese Occupation 1945-1949 Civil War 1949 - Victory of the Communists led by Mao Zedong

China: Competing Demands in 1911

Some want a constitutional monarchy Some want a Chinese republic (Sun Yixian declares a republic on Jan. 1, 1912) Manchu (Qing) dynasty crumbling Emperor Puyi abdicates on Feb. 12, 1912

Sun Yixian: founder of the Republic

1866-1925 Western-educated (studied in Honolulu and Hong Kong) Advocated the Three Principles of the People:
Nationalism Democracy Socialism

Japan Invades
Taking advantage of the World War I, Japan imposes the 21 Demands on China in 1915 China told to accept Japanese military, economic and political advisors Japan given economic privileges in China Japan given paramount position in North, especially in Manchuria and Shandong

Chinese Nationalists versus Communists

Communist party organized at Beijing University in 1921 Mao Zedong the leader: his ideology rooted in Marxism-Leninism, but also in Chinese context Worked with the Nationalists led by General Chiang Kai-shek to unify China
Chiang turns on Communists in 1927 Leads China after 1928

Mao Zedong
1893-1976 Peasant origin, university educated (Beijing) Communist but adapted to Chinese circumstances: celebration of the peasantry In 1928, seized big estates and redistributed land Led the Long March in 1934 Became leader of Peoples Republic of China, 1949

Japanese Invasion of China

Japanese empire had been attacking China in small ways and trying to dominate it for many years All out war begins after the Japanese attack in force in 1937 During the war KMT and Communist forces fight the Japanese When the war ends they fight each other for control of China

Mexican Revolution
Francisco Madero begins uprising against the dictator Porfirio Daz in 1910 Turns into a complicated civil war that lasts until 1920

Mexican Revolution: The 3 Leaders

Francisco Madero
Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata

India
Resistance to British rule Main party: Indian National Congress (since 1885) Challenges to independence included: size of nation, caste system, religious and class tensions

Gandhi (1869-1948)
Studied law in London Believed in non-violence Organized demonstrations Went on hunger strikes when imprisoned Advocated freedom from British rule, equality India achieved independence 1947

Africa
anti-colonialism spreads in the 1920s and 1930s German colonies taken over by victors of WWI Violence in the north Islamic revival fuels independence movements Nationalist organizations form throughout the British and French African colonies