Dr.

Vikas Jain
Manager MBBS, MDMC FEM. (U.K) TPDDL

First-Aid
Treatment of a patient before the Doctors arrival.

First-Aid.

Preserve life. Protect the unconscious. Prevent injury or illness from becoming worse. Promote recovery.
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Requirement for FirstAid

Helper

Eyes
Hands Response Clean clothe Cotton (if it is available) Water News paper

Causes of injuries
Mechanical energy
Chemical energy Thermal energy

Electrical
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Wound
When any tissue in our body is torn or cut by injury a wound is caused. There are Several types of wounds like bruises, lacerations, contusions. Incised wounds, punctured wounds, open wounds, infected wounds, chest injury, abdominal injury and so many others. Dont apply Ghee, oil or ointments on the wounds.

Lacerated Wound
Lacerated wounds are caused by fall on rough surfaces, pieces of sells, claws of animals, machinery etc. These wounds have torn or irregular edges and they tend to bleed less.
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Bruise
It is a contusion caused by traces of blood escaping from superficial vessels that lie close to the skin surface. To reduce the pain, have the victim elevate the injured area & apply ice cubes wrapped in towel.

Puncture Wound
Does not typically in profuse bleeding Painful Look harmless Carry a risk of infection It may be treated as a serious injury
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Cuts & scrapes

Clean the wound with water. Remove any debris that remains embedded in the wound. Small wound should be washed with running water. It does not contain bacteria

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Incised wound
Incised wounds are caused by sharp instruments like knives. Razor etc. The blood vessels are clean cut and so these wounds bleed extensively.
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Infected wound

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Animal bite

Wash the wound thoroughly with running water & soap. If it is a small wound, keep it open. If the injuries resulted in broken skin & deep dress it with antibiotic ointment. Get antirabis injection as prescribed by

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Bleeding
Bleeding is the most common cause of death in accident. It caused by the rapture of blood vessels due to the severity of the injury. Signs & symptoms of the Bleeding: The patient may feel faint and even collapse. The skin becomes cold & clammy. The pulse becomes rapid & weak. Breathing becomes shallow and the patient may gasps for air and sigh deeply. Profuse sweating may occur. Thirst may be prominent. Shift the patient to a hospital as soon as possible.

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External Bleeding
Bring the sides of the wound together and press firmly. Apply clean cloth pad on the wound and press it firmly. If the bleeding is continue. Add more pads the wound Raise the injured part. On appropriate location of bleeding point, press firmly for 10-15 minutes.
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Internal bleeding
Lay the patient down with the head low. Raise his legs using pillows. Do not give anything to eat. Do not apply hot water bottles or ice bags on abdomen & chest. Do not allow the patient to move. Maintain body heat with blankets, rugs or coat.
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Nose bleeding
Do not tilt the victims head backward. Pinch the nostrils shut and press the tip of the nose against the bones of face. Maintain pressure for 5-10 minutes. If possible, have the victim spit out excess saliva.

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Eye injury
Avoid rubbing the eye. If the foreign body is embedded in the eye, dont touch it. Apply soft pad. Dont put any eye drop or ointment in the eye. When the injury with acids or alkali, wash the eye with water for at least 20 minuets. Take the patients quickly to the hospital
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Closed Fracture
Immediate & excessive swelling. Injured area appears deformed. Even slight movements or contact to the injured area causes excessive pain. Remember:
I For ice C for compression E For elevation

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Open fracture

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Management of fracture
To make the patient feel comfortable. Do not handle the fracture unnecessary. Never attempt to reduce the fracture or to bring the bones to the normal position. Stabilise the support the injured part so that no movement is possible. Immobilise the fracture area and the joints on both sides of the fracture site by using bandages or by using splints 23

Head injury
Wound may or may not be on head. Fracture of skull. Sever headache. Vomiting or sensation of vomiting Bleeding through nose & ear. Confusing state. Fits / Seizures Faintness. Difficulty in concentration Slight blurring of vision. Coma.

Patient needs Hospitalizati on

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Head injury Cont..

Until the ambulance arrives: Lay the victim down with his head & shoulders slightly. If wound is bleeding, dress it with clean cloth Do not leave the victim unattended. If the victim loses consciousness, you may need to perform CPR. If possible, place the victim in the quite area.
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Pain
Pain is informative tool by which body knows about the severity & location of the injury.

Dont give pain killer to the victim.

It will be create a problem for the doctor to diagnose a patient .
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Dont give water to a patient who needs hospitalization

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Electric Current or burn

Flash Burn (Gas burn). Fall-Thrown away. Flame (clothing) Burn. Arch Burn. Direct heating effect of tissues by the electric current.

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Prevention
FirstStop Current Do not touch with bare hand. Use gloves & News paper, Dry clothes Smoke. Remove from sideSafe Site.

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Electric Current or burn

If at all possible, turn off the source of electricity. If the injuries appear serious or extensive immediate admit in the nearest hospital. If the victim is unconscious check the vital organs, begin to perform C P R. Treat any area of the victims body that mayve sustained. If the victim is responsive and does not appear seriously injured but to pale & faint, he may be at risk of going into shock. Gently lay him down with his head slightly lower than his chest and 30 his feet elevated.

BURN
Immersed the burn part in the cold water for at least 10 minutes or cold water sponging on the parts like on face, back, neck abdomen etc..

Dont apply oil, lotion, ointment, etc .

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BURN Cont.
Dont try to rupture the blisters, it may cause infection The bacteria present in the running water is not harmful.
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Foreign body in airway

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Foreign body in Airway

If food or any other foreign body gets stuck in the trachea or the wind pipe. In this case, the victim cant breath and he also cant speak, therefore it is a very dangerous situation.

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Choking
Start by finding the proper stance- behind the victim with one of your leg planted firmly between the victims feet. Wrap one of your arms around the victim and place your hand in a closed fist just slightly above his belly button. Place your other hand directly on top of the first. Squeeze the victims abdomen in quick upwards thrusts as many times as necessary to dislodge the object in his windpipe.
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Drowning
Act quickly, remove seaweeds and mud from the nose and throat. Turn the victim face down with head to one side. Raise the middle part of the body with your hands round the belly. Give artificial respiration until breathing comes back. Remove wet clothing. Do not allow him to sit. Remove quickly to hospital.
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Save a life in 180 Seconds.

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CPR Time Line

0-4mins.brain damage likely 4-6mins.brain damage possible 6-10 mins. brain damage probable Over 10 mins. Probable brain death
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What is C P R
CPR stands for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, a combination of rescue breathing ( mouth to mouth respiration). CPR can restore circulation of oxygen rich blood to the brain. Without oxygen, permanent brain damage or death can occur in less than 46 mins.CPR may be necessary for accidents, near drawing, suffocation, poisoning, smoke inhalation, Electrocution injuries

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CPR Cont..
If you are alone with the victim try to call for help prior to start CPR. Before we learn what to do in an emergency, we must first emphasize what not to do: Do not leave the victim alone. Do not try make the victim drink water. Do not throw water on the victims face. Do not prompt the victim in to a sitting position. Do not try to revive the victim by slapping his face.
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C P R Cont.
Three basic skills of C P R-----A B C
1-AAirway 2-B--- Breathing 3-C---Circulation
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If the victim is unconscious and is unresponsiveness - look, listen and feel for any signs of breathing. If you determine that the victim is not breathing, then lying the victim flat on his back, place your hand on his fore head and your

A- Airways

Tilt the head

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Airway Cont.
Gently tilt the victims head backward. In this position the weight of the tongue will force it to shift away from the back of the throat, opening the airway. Open airway

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B-Breathing
With the victim airway clear Of any obstruction, gently support his chin so as to keep it lifted up and the head tilted back. Pinch the nose with your finger tip to prevent air from escaping. Once Give two breath

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Breathing Cont
Give two full breath, between each breath allow the victims lung to relaxplace your ear near his mouth and listen for air to escape and watch the Let victim exhale

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C - Circulation
In order to determine if the victims heart is beating, place two fingertips on his carotid artery, located in the depression between the windpipe and the neck muscles, and apply slight pressure for Carotid artery

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Compressions
when performing chest sternum, to locate the correct hand position, place two finger at the sternum then put the heel of your other hand next to your fingers.

Locate sternum

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Compressions Cont
Place one hand on the Proper hand placementtop of the other and interlace the fingers. The depth of compressions should be approximately one& half to two inch. Remember 2 hands, 2 inches. Simply apply less pressure as you continue compressions.

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Compressions Cont
Count aloud as you compress 30 times at the rate of about 3 compressions for every 2 seconds. Finish the cycle by giving the victim 2 breath. This process should be per formed four times & check the victims carotid artery for pulse and signs of consciousness.

Two hands, two inches

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