1 Basic Navigation Principles 1 D

In the name of ALLAH, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
Basic Navigation principles
Basic Comm/Navigation Developed for PIA Traning Cneter by A/E Waqar Ahmad Khan
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is Navigation? The Terrestrial Coordinate System. How to achieve a position fix? Types of Bearings? Heading. Navigating. RHO & Theta fixing. Radio Navigation overview.
Basic Comm/Navigation Developed for PIA Traning Cneter by A/E Waqar Ahmad Khan 2
Navigation
Navisship Agereto direct
What is Navigation?
Navigation is the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns.
The Globe
The Earth is NOT a perfect sphere.

7926.5 miles at its Equator. 79200 miles from North to South.
The Mercator Projection
Lines of Longitude ()
Lines of longitude appear vertical with varying curvature in this projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with identical radii at a given latitude.
Lines of Latitude ()
Lines of latitude appear horizontal with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a circle of latitude.
The Equator:
The equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere, and has a latitude of 0
Terrestrial Coordinate System

Great Circles The largest circle that can be drawn on the surface of the earth & all like it.
Equator Meridians
Equator
Meridian Basic Comm/Navigation Developed for PIA Traning Cneter by A/E Waqar Ahmad Khan
Great Circle
Lines of Longitude
Longitude The demarcation of the longitude coordinate is done with lines going up and down are called the meridians. A figure to the right shows a few meridians. Longitude ranges from 0 to 180 East and 0 to 180 West. The longitude angle is measured from the center of the earth as shown in the earth graphic to the right. The zero point of longitude is defined as a point in Greenwich, England called the Prime Meridian.
Why Greenwich of all places?

Prior to 1884 there were several landmarks from which longitude was measured. Unlike the measurement of latitude, longitude was very difficult to measure while navigating. Errors were made, sometimes with tragic results. In response to one such tragic result England passed the Longitude Act a contest for a practicable method of determining longitude at sea with a hefty cash reward. John Harrison is credited by history as being the person to do so with his inventions of very precise chronometers that weren't based on pendulums (pendulums don't keep good time at sea). The story, however, is a remarkable one of prejudice, politics, and science. Harrison was never awarded the prize by the Board of Longitude set up by the act only through direct intervention from parliament was he awarded money for his efforts. In 1884, U.S. President Arthur organized the International Meridian Conference, attended by delegates from 25 nations. Partly because of John Harrison being the first to come up with a practicable method of determining longitude at sea, over two thirds of sea freighters used Greenwich as the reference point for longitude. This carried over to a vote by the conference establishing Greenwich as the reference point of 0 longitude.
Lines of Latitude
Lines of Latitude
Latitude
The demarcation of the latitude coordinate is done with circles on the globe parallel to the equator. These parallel circles, fittingly enough, are called parallels of latitude. The figure to the right shows several parallels of latitude. Latitude goes for 0 at the equator to +90 N at the North Pole or -90 S at the South Pole where the angle is also measured from the center of the earth as shown in the earth graphic to the right.
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Assessment
What is the value of latitude that the North pole and the South pole lie on? What is the maximum angular difference between two points on the globe with respect to longitude?
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How to locate any point
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Great Circles
Great Circles The largest circle that can be drawn on the surface of the earth & all like it.
Equator Meridians
Equator
Meridian Basic Comm/Navigation Developed for PIA Traning Cneter by A/E Waqar Ahmad Khan
Great Circle
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The Great Circles

A great circle, also known as an orthodrome or Riemannian circle, of a sphere is the intersection of the sphere and a plane which passes through the center point of the sphere, as opposed to a general circle of a sphere where the plane is not required to pass through the center. Any diameter of any great circle coincides with a diameter of the sphere, and therefore all great circles have the same circumference as each other, and have the same center as the sphere. A great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on any given sphere. The minor arc of a great circle between two points is the shortest surface-path between them. In this sense the minor arc is analogous to straight lines in spherical geometry. The length of the minor arc of a great circle is taken as the distance between two points on a surface of a sphere, namely the great-circle distance
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The Nautical Mile

The nautical mile (symbol M, NM or nmi) is a unit of length that is about one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian, or about one minute of arc of longitude at the equator. By international agreement it is exactly 1,852 meters (approximately 6,076 feet). The nautical mile remains in use by sea and air navigators worldwide because of its convenience when working with charts. Most nautical charts are constructed on the Mercator projection whose scale varies by approximately a factor of six from the equator to 80 north or south latitude. It is, therefore, impossible to show a single linear scale for use on charts on scales smaller than about 1/80,000. The nautical mile circumvents this problem by being equal to a minute of latitude on a chart, which allows any distance measured with a chart divider to be simply converted using the chart's latitude scale.
Historical definition - 1 nautical mile
Visual comparison of a kilometre, statute mile, and nautical mile

Nautical Mile per Hour-KNOT

The knot (pronounced not) is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile (which is defined as 1.852 km) per hour, approximately 1.151 mph.[ The knot is a non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI).Worldwide, the knot is used in meteorology, and in maritime and air navigationfor example, a vessel travelling at 1 knot along a meridian travels one minute of geographic latitude in one hour. Etymologically, the term knot derives from counting the number of knots in the line that unspooled from the reel of a chip log in a specific time. 1 KNOT = 6080 / 5280 = 76/66 m.p.h
Activity
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Solution
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Getting a position fix

Position fixing
is the branch of navigation concerned with the use of a variety of visual and electronic methods to determine the position of a ship, aircraft or person on the surface of the Earth.
These techniques include:

Position lines and position circles Celestial navigation Radio navigation Satellite navigation system
Using Celestial Objects

Using the sextant and, the lines of latitude and the celestial objects like the Sun or the Polar Star one can position oneself w.r.t. latitude.
Activity
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Solution
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Using magnets for getting a fix

Magnetic properties of materials used for ages for finding headings. The synonym for the compass is the Lodestone which means Leading stone. Natural magnets have now been substituted by artificial means which are mush more sensitive.
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The Earths magnetic field

A schematic illustrating the relationship between motion of conducting fluid, organized into rolls by the Coriolis force, and the magnetic field the motion generates.
The earth acts like a giant magnet due to the rotation of the Earths core. The place where the flux enters the earth is the magnetic north pole. Its is NOT the same as the geographic north pole.
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Magnetic Variation
The difference between the true North and the Magnetic North. Isogonal Lines = Lines drawn on the charts connecting points of equal variation.
How do we get there?

Plot a course
Whats a course?
path of intended motion
Steer a heading
Whats a heading?
the direction the aircraft is pointed
Make a good track

Whats a track?
the aircrafts path over the ground
Course, Heading, & Track
Big Bad Wind
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Bearings
a bearing is the actual (corrected) compass direction of the forward course of the aircraft. A true bearing is measured in relation to the fixed horizontal reference plane of true north, that is, using the direction toward the geographic north pole as a reference point. A magnetic bearing is measured in relation to magnetic north, that is, using the direction toward the magnetic north pole as a reference. A grid bearing is measured in relation to the fixed horizontal reference plane of grid north, that is, using the direction northwards along the grid lines of the map projection as a reference point. A compass bearing, as in vehicle or marine navigation, is measured in relation to the magnetic compass of the navigator's vehicle or vessel. It should be very close to the magnetic bearing. The difference between a magnetic bearing and a compass bearing is the deviation caused to the compass by ferrous metals and local magnetic fields generated by any variety of vehicle or shipboard sources (steel vehicle bodies/frames or vessel hulls, ignition systems, etc.) A relative bearing is one in which the reference direction is straight ahead, where the bearing is measured relative to the direction the navigator is facing (on land) or in relation to the vessel's bow (aboard ship).
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The Compass Card
True & magnetic courses are given in 3 digits, e.g. 090 Relative bearings are given in degrees or clock position, e.g. 10 left of the nose, or 11 oclock
Assessment
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Answers
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True Bearing
A true bearing is measured in relation to the fixed horizontal reference plane of true north, that is, using the direction toward the geographic north pole as a reference point.
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Magnetic Bearings
A magnetic bearing is measured in relation to magnetic north, that is, using the direction toward the magnetic north pole as a reference. Westerly variations- Magnetic Bearing > True Bearing. Easterly variations- Magnetic Bearing < True Bearing.
Deviation
In nautical terminology deviation is the magnetic compass error caused by magnetized iron within the structure of the aircraft. Any magnet, in the proximity of a compass, will cause the compass needle to "deviate" from Magnetic North. In the case of big steel or iron structures, such as aircraft, this deviation error can be both large and variable. The problem of analyzing and correcting the magnetic deviation error is complex - because the magnetized iron in every aircraft is a combination of iron particles which have become 'permanently' magnetized and iron particles which contain some "temporary" magnetism that has been induced by the Earth's magnetic field. Deviation errors vary with the ship's magnetic heading (the angle the ship makes to magnetic north). Magnetic declination, also called variation, is the angular difference between true north and the direction of the Earth's magnetic field at any point on the Earth's surface. The corresponding definition, for deviation, is the angular difference between magnetic north and the compass needle. Variation and deviation both influence magnetic compass needles. Their combined effect is known as magnetic "Compass error"
Compass Bearing
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Activity
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Solution
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Relative Bearing
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Aircraft Heading
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Getting from one point to another
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Solution
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Great Circles & Rhumb Lines
The Mercator Projection
The shortest path from one point to the other on the globe is on a great circle. But it is more feasible to follow a route of constant heading which lies on a Rhumb Line.
This the shortest way between two points on the Earth is a.?
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Area Navigation
The compromise between travelling a great circle and a Rhumb Line-Follow way points. Tries to minimize the route deviation from a great circle and at the same time minimizes the load on the pilot with respect to changes of headings.
Rho and Theta Fixing
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Basic Comm/Navigation Developed for PIA Bearing & Distance Traning Cneter by A/E Waqar Ahmad Khan
fixing
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Radio Navigation
ADF. VOR. GPS. OMEGA. ILS.
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Automatic Direction Finding
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Activity
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Solution
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Very High Frequency Omni Ranging
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Co Located VOR-DME Station
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Hyperbolic Navigation
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Self Assessment
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Solution
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The Radio Navigation Systems
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Basic Navigation Parameters
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Feedback
What is navigation? Why is the Earth divided into Lines of Longitude and Latitude? If we want to fly the shortest route from one point to another on the Earth then do we follow a Rhumb Line or a Great Circle? Why? How does an aircraft practically fly from one point to another using modern navigation aids?

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In the name of ALLAH, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Basic Navigation principles

The Earth is NOT a perfect sphere.

The Mercator Projection

Terrestrial Coordinate System

Why Greenwich of all places?

How to locate any point

The Great Circles

The Nautical Mile

Historical definition - 1 nautical mile

Visual comparison of a kilometre, statute mile, and nautical mile

Nautical Mile per Hour-KNOT

Getting a position fix

These techniques include:

Using Celestial Objects

Using magnets for getting a fix

The Earths magnetic field

How do we get there?

Make a good track

Course, Heading, & Track

Big Bad Wind

The Compass Card

Getting from one point to another

Great Circles & Rhumb Lines

The Mercator Projection

Rho and Theta Fixing

Rho and Theta Fixing

Rho and Theta Fixing

Automatic Direction Finding

Very High Frequency Omni Ranging

Co Located VOR-DME Station

The Radio Navigation Systems

Basic Navigation Parameters

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