Recap

Electric circuits
Network Analysis
Electronics -I
Introduction
Sources
Voltage/Current Sources
Independent/Dependent

Electric Signals
Analog/Digital Signals
DC/AC/Time Varying/Periodic Signals

Element Laws/Connection Laws
Ohms Law & Kirchhoffs Laws
Voltage Divider & Current Divider Circuits

Techniques of Circuit Analysis
Nodes/Branches/Loops/Meshes
Source Transformations /Superposition
Electric Signal
(Voltage & Current)
Role
Conversion
Transmission
Utilization

Use
Represent
Amplified
Manipulate/Process
Transmit
Store


Energy



Information (Signal)
Electric Signal

Types

DC (Constant)
DC Power Supplies

Time Varying Signals
Impulse
Step
Pulse
Pulse train (Square Wave)
Sine wave
Rectangular waveform
Triangle
Saw-tooth

Attributes
Max / Peak Value
Peak to Peak Value
Frequency
Duty Cycle


Periodic signals
Circuits Configuration
Circuit Element

Interconnection

Connecting Wires
Zero Resistance
Same Potential
Current entering = Current Leaving


Branches
Each circuit element constitutes a Branch
Branch Current (Direction) / Voltage (Polarity)

Nodes

Two or more elements having a common connection.
Simple Node (ONLY Two leads converge to a node)
Nodes are connected with un-interrupted wire
Node Potential / Current
Label the Nodes
Reference / Common Node Largest number of
connections (Zero Potential or earth-ground)

Circuits Configuration
Branch Voltage

Node Voltage
Circuits Configuration
B A AB
v v v =
C R
v v ,
A B BA
v v v =
v
B

Node B voltage wrt common (ground) Node
Series & Parallel Circuits
Series Circuits
Two or more elements connected such that
same current flows through each element.
Two elements must share a simple node.

Parallel Circuit
Two or more elements connected such that
they are subjected to same voltage.
Elements must share the pair of nodes
Voltage / Current Sources
A Voltage source maintains a prescribed voltage
regardless of the load current.
Unequal Voltage Sources can be connected in
series but must never be connected in parallel.

A current source maintains a prescribed current
regardless of the load voltage.
Unequal current Sources can be connected in
parallel but must never be connected in series.

Independent Sources
DC Voltage
AC Voltage
Battery
DC Current
AC Current
Dependent Sources
VCVS
CCVS
k
v
v
x
k
v
i
x
k
i
v
x
k
i
i
x
CCCS
VCCS
Circuit Laws
Element Laws
Relates the terminal voltage and current
of individual element --- Ohms Law,
Capacitance Law, Inductance Law



Kirchhoffs Laws
Relates the voltages and currents
shared at the interconnections
Kirchhoffs Current and Voltage Laws

dt
t dv
C t i
) (
) ( =
dt
t di
L t v
) (
) ( =
R
v
i =
Kirchhoffs Current Laws
(KCL)
The algebraic sum of the current entering
any node is zero

At any instant, the sum of all currents
entering a node must equal the sum of all
currents leaving that node



=
n
out
n
in
i i
Kirchhoffs Voltage Laws
(KVL)
The algebraic sum of the voltages around
any closed path is zero

At any instant, the sum of all voltage rises
around a loop must equal the sum of all
voltage drops around that loop



=
l
rise
l
drop
i v
Power Conservation
The sum of all absorbed powers, at
any instant, equal the sum of all
released powers

=
released absorbed
p p
Circuit Analysis
Series or parallel impedance reduction

Voltage or current divider formula

Node or Loop methods

Thevenin or Norton reductions
Notation Summarized
Notation
Base (collector)
Voltage with
respect to
Emitter
Base (collector)
Current toward
electrode from
external circuit
Instantaneous Total Value (DC
+ AC)
v
B
(v
C
) i
B
(i
C
)
Quiescent Value (DC)
V
B
(V
C
) I
B
(I
C
)
Instantaneous Value of
varying component (AC)
v
b
(v
c
) i
b
(i
c
)
Effective Value of varying
components
V
b
(V
c
) I
b
(I
c
)
Supply Voltage (Magnitude)
V
BB
(V
CC
)

Introduction
Natural Response of Circuits
Transient Response
Steady State Response

Domains
Time Domain
Physical Frequency Domain (j)
Complex Frequency Domain (s)

Laplace Transform
Introduction
Practical Voltage/Current Sources
Maintains its rating
Internal resistance
Loading Effects

Equivalent Resistance
Series /Parallel Reduction or by inspection
Test Source with dependent source
Apply a test source by suppressing independent
sources

Suppressing Sources
DIODE
BJT
Three terminal device

Basic Principle
Voltage between two terminals controls current flowing in
the third terminal.

Device is used in discrete and integrated circuits and
can act as :
Amplifier
Logic Gates
Memory Circuits
Switches

Invented in 1948 at Bell Telephone Industries
Device Structure & Physical Operation
npn & pnp Transistor

Three terminal ---- Emitter, Base, Collector

Consists of two pn junctions
np-pn -------- npn
pn-np -------- pnp

Junctions
Emitter Base Junction (EBJ)
Collector-Base Junction (CBJ)

Modes
Cut-off
Active
Saturation

A simplified structure of the npn transistor.
TWO EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT SHAPES OF TRANSISTOR
An npn transistor
A pnp & npn transistor
npn/pnp Transistor
npn Transistor
T
BE
v
v
S C
e I i =
B C E
i i i + =
o
o
|
|
|
o
|

=
+
=
=
1
1
B C
i i
Modes of operation
Amplification of Signal
Operation in Active Mode
V v v
V v v
CEsat CE
BEon
BE
3 . 0
7 . 0
> >
= >
Single Stage BJT Amplifier
Three Configurations

Common Emitter (CE)

Common Emitter (CE) with Emitter Resistance

Common Base (CB)

Common Collector (CC)
Amplifier Classification
Three families of amplifiers:

1. Common-emitter/common-source (C-E/C-S) circuits
Inverting amplifiers
These amplifiers provide moderate/high voltage gain, input
resistance, and output resistance.

2. Common-base/common-gate (C-B/C-G) circuits
Noninverting amplifiers
These amplifiers provide moderate/high voltage gain, low input
resistance, and high output resistance.

3. Common-collector/common-drain (C-C/C-D) circuits
Follower circuits (emitter-follower/source-follower).
These amplifiers are the single-transistor equivalents of the op amp
voltage follower because they provide voltage gain of
approximately 1, high input and low output resistance.
Small Signal Model : BJT
Model
T Model
Single Stage BJT Amplifier




Small Signal Output
Model Resistance
Pi Model


Include
T Model


Include
T Model



Dnt Include
T Model Dnt Include

Common Emitter (CE)

Common Collector (CC)

Common Emitter (CE)
with Emitter Resistance


Common Base (CB)
Application (Steps) : Small Signal Model
Suppress ac independent sources
ac Voltage Sources be short circuited
ac Current Sources be open circuited
External and internal Capacitors be Open circuited

Determine DC operating Point I
C













Suppress DC independent sources
DC Voltage Sources be short circuited
DC Current Sources be open circuited
External Capacitors be short circuited
Internal Capacitors be open circuited


Replace BJT with small signal Model

Analyze the resulting circuit of find voltage gain & input/output resistance
E
T
m
e
B
T
m
e b be m c
T
C
m
I
V
g
r
I
V
g
r
i i v g i
V
I
g Calculate
= =
= =
= = =
=
o
|
o |
t




C E
C
B
S C
I I I

I
I
I I
+ =
=
=
B
|
T
BE
V
V
e
Active Mode Verification
V
BE
> 0.7 V
V
C
> V
B
-0.4 V
Small Signal Analysis
MOSFET
Small Size

Manufacturing process is simple

Requires comparatively low power

Implement digital & analog functions with a fewer
resistors very large scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit

Study Includes
Physical structure
Operation
Terminal characteristics
Circuit Models
Basic Circuit application
The enhancement-type NMOS transistor:
Enhancement-type NMOS transistor
n-channel MOSFET
i
D
= i
S
, i
G
= 0
Modes of Operation
Amplification of Signal
Operation in Active Mode
DC Analysis
Suppress the AC (independent Sources)
Short Circuit Voltage Sources
Open Circuit Current Sources
Calculate DC Node Voltages V
C
,V
B
, V
E
& Loop Currents I
C
,I
B
,I
E
Open Circuit the External & Internal Capacitors
Redraw the circuit
Purpose :
To find out mode of operation
To determine the operating point
To Calculate g
m
, r
pi
, r
e
Small Signal Model
Suppress the DC (independent Sources)
Short Circuit Voltage Sources
Open Circuit Current Sources
Short Circuit the External Capacitors
Redraw the Circuit by replacing
Transistor with its Small Signal Model
Carry out Circuit Analysis to
Find R
in
, R
out
, & Transfer Function
Purpose :
To determine R
in
, R
out
, &
Transfer Function (Voltage Gain)
Open Circuit the Internal Capacitors
The Four Amplifier Types
Small Signal T Model : NMOSFET
Small Signal Models
T Model