SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGIES

FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION &

MANAGEMENT IN BUILDINGS : -
Emerging Eco Friendly HVAC
Technologies for Energy Conservation

Dr. S.C. Kaushik

Professor & Head

Centre for Energy Studies

IIT Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi 1
 Indian Energy Scenario
India is a major producer and consumer of energy.

 It is world’s 11th largest energy producer accounting for about

2.4% of the worlds total annual energy production.
 It is the 6th largest energy consumer accounting for about 3.7%
of the world’s total annual energy consumption.
 Per capita consumption of energy in India is one of the lowest
in the world.
 India’s energy use efficiency for generating GDP in
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is better than the world’s
average.

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 The energy challenges for
India
 84 million house holds in the country (44.2% of
households) do not have electricity in 2000.
 The peak power shortage varies from 0 to 25.4% in state
to state with all India average of 11.7%(2004).
 The energy shortage varies form 0 to 20.1% with all
India average of 7.3%.
 For 8-10% growth rate that we aspire for, our energy
need will also increase. Along with the quantity the
quality is equally important.

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 Actual and Predicted Energy
Consumption Pattern in India
Year 2005 (Actual)
(MOTE)*
% 2030 (Predicted) %
Coal 167 51.07 816 49.96
Oil 119 36.39 435 26.63
Gas 29 8.87 224 13.71
Hydro 7 2.14 43 2.63
Nuclear 5 1.53 115 7.04
Total 327 100 1633 100

World % 3.72 10.9

*MOTE= Million Oil Tones Equivalent

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 Coal Supply Scenario
 The proved reserves of coal at current level of
consumption can last up to 80 years. If all the inferred
reserves also materialize then it may last for 140
years.
 If domestic production grows at 5% a year the
reserves will run out in 40 years.
 Only 45% coal bearing areas have been surveyed.
 In situ coal gasification can increase India’s available
energy from domestic resources.

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 Reduce Energy
requirement
 Improvement in energy efficiency or conservation is
crucial in creating a domestic energy source base.
Improvements can be made in energy extraction, energy
conservation, energy transmission, distribution and end
use of energy.
 Recovery in place reserves can be improved easily by 5-
10%by adopting advanced mining of coal, Oil and Gas
recovery techniques.
 The average fuel conversion efficiency is around 30%, it
can be increased up to 40-42% by using advanced
conversion methods.

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 Energy Security through
Energy Conservation
 Huge Potential in reducing electrical consumption by
improving supply side energy efficiency, demand side
energy efficiency, electricity T&D and by adopting
renewable electricity technologies.
 Sector-wise Energy Conservation Potential in the country
has been estimated as:

Industrial- 25%, Agricultural- 30%,

Domestic & Commercial- 20%,
Transport- 20% and Economy as a whole- 23%.
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 Indian Concerns
 Indian per capita incomes today are 45 per cent of that of
China and 25 per cent of Brazil. By 2030, we could touch
present-day Brazil’s level, but just think: Brazil’s per capita
consumption of electricity today is 1,950 units, while it is still
440 in India (and 1,380 in China). India will need to generate
3,880 billion kilowatt hours of electricity in 2030 to sustain an
8 per cent growth rate. To achieve this, we would need to max
our hydro use- tap all our rivers, generate 63,000 MW of
Nuclear power and 14,000 from wind farms. Even then, 78
per cent of our electricity would have to come from carbon
dioxide emitting coal.

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  By, 2030, India will reach the current levels of US carbon
emissions, with all its negative implications for global
warming. But right now as most Indians know, the problem
seems to be having power at all. In just one year- 2006- China
added 60,000 MW of electricity generating capacity. In five
years of the 10th five year plan, we missed all targets and
managed 40,000. Looked at any way, the choice seems to be
not so much between nuclear, wind or thermal energy, but
energy from whatever source it comes from. As for global
warming, we should care more for environmental management
& carbon management. Which is of more concern today. Use
of Renewable Energy Sources & Energy Efficiency
considerations can play & important role.
 Green Buildings & Eco-Friendly Energy Technologies is a
further steps in this direction.

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 World Energy
Scenario
Enormous energy flux is provided by the sun
equivalent to 54.4 x 10 20 kj / year the earth . While the
total energy consumed by all humans amounted to
4.3 x 10 17 kj / year which is equivalent to only
0.017%of the solar energy absorbed by earth Surface.

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 Renewable Energy Sources:
The Economic Growth
 Renewable Energy (RE) technologies are fast gaining a
foothold on a global level. It can be gauged from the
fact that a colossal investment of around $ 38 billion was
made on creating new RE capacities alone in 2005. In
fact, Germany and China took the investment leads at $
7 billion each followed closely by USA, Spain, Japan and
India.
 Amongst the RE technologies, biomass power
production witnessed a 50-100% increase in annual
production capacities in many countries during 2004.
Other technologies like Solar Photovoltaics (PV) and
biofuels also recorded quite impressive growth patterns.
11
 Renewable Energy Sources:
The Economic Growth
 It is now becoming increasingly obvious that we will soon
be unable to meet our energy needs via use of coal, oil
and gas alone. Historically, RE technologies observed a
phenomenal push for a holistic growth during the much
talked about oil crisis of early seventies. The interim
period between then and now has seen support for RE
waxing and waning in accordance with the policy of the
day.
 Surely, time seems to be ripe once again to pump large
investments more so for technology up-gradation so as to
attain economies of scale. Simultaneously though, steps
should be taken to bring down the energy intake vis-à-vis
the use of conventional power.
12
 Renewable Energy Sources:
The Economic Growth
 Serious thought needs to be accorded to evaluate the
economic competitiveness of all available energy
sources in the backdrop of three main parameters.
These relate to an increasing gap between demand and
supply of conventional power, accompanying
transmission and distribution losses and importantly, the
Climate change process. Surely, RE is poised for a
second big leap forward to lead towards a sustained
economic growth in the near future.

13
 Energy Efficiency:
The Environmental Solution
 Energy conservation and Energy efficiency are presently the
most powerful tools in our transition to a clean energy future.
There is a need for maximizing the energy efficiency of
industrial operations, building and infrastructure through the
use of renewable resources, decentralized co-generation and
energy cascading techniques in a manner which optimizes
integrated energy flows and minimizes potential global
environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions.
Implementing these solutions will enable people to step into a
new era of energy, one that will bring economic growth, new
jobs, technological innovation and most importantly
environmental protection.

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 Need of Energy Efficient Buildings
 Demand for energy is increasing fast day by day and is likely to increase in
tune with industrialization/ urbanization
 The building sector being one of the largest consumers of energy, has gained
prominence over the past few decades.
 45% of total global energy is used in heating, cooling and lighting of
building.
 5% energy is used in building construction.
 In India energy used for air conditioning of commercial buildings accounts
for 32% of the total energy consumption in the commercial sector in 1995.
 Energy consumption patterns can be substantially reduced by energy
conserving measures, particularly during the phase of building design.
 Space heating load can be reduced by about 50%, when economically-
viable insulating measures are applied to the building envelopes, i.e. to
ceiling and walls.

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 Energy Use Pattern in Buildings
 Lighting 60%
 Air conditioning 32%
 Other applications 8%
 In conventional Indian buildings, energy consumption is 200 kWh per sq. meter
 This energy consumption can be reduced to 120 kWh per sq. meter by applications of energy
efficient building techniques
 Saving up to 60% can be achieved.

(Source : TERI & BEE, Govt. of India presentations)

Heat transfer in buildings

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 Energy Conservation Studies in
Buildings
% of annual electrical consumption % of annual electrical consumption
(Commercial buildings in India) (Residential buildings in India)
8%

Lighting (60%)
HAVC (32%)
Others (8%)
32%

60%

 Energy consumption patterns can be substantially reduced by energy conserving

measures
 It is essential to conserve the conventional energy by developing the energy
efficient buildings
 In existing building, retrofitting measures should be applied for energy efficiency

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 Climatic Zones of India

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 Technologies For Solar Space conditioning

 Conventional Vapor compression based system for air-conditioning

 Solar cooling options

Photovoltaic Solar Cooling Systems
Ranknecyle Solar cooling Systms
Vapor absorption Solar Cooling systems
Adsorption systems (solid and liquid desiccant cooling systems)
Thermoelectic & Thermoacoustic Solar Cooling Systems
 Hybrid cycles for space conditioning

 Heat pipe based space conditioning

 Retrofitting of existing buildings

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 Vapor compression cycle

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 Scheme of Air-Conditioner

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 Window Air-Conditioner

Top View

Side View

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 Draw backs of conventional vapor compression
refrigeration and Air Conditioning systems
 Large energy is consumed ; mainly high grade energy
 Compression work is very high again usage of high grade
energy
Although System’s Energy efficiency is large
High grade energy cost is high ; huge electricity bills
Refrigerants (R11,R12 etc) used are non eco friendly
* Resulting in ozone layer depletion (ODP)
* Large GWP
Leakage of CFC’s causing environmental problem
Thus both energy shortage and environmental degradation

Alternatives must be searched for as Montreal and Kyoto protocols demand phase
out of CFCs.

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 Vapor absorption based cooling options (solar based)
 Instead of high grade energy, low grade energy is used
 Power requirement is low as compared to conventional
VCR
 Addresses energy and environ mental problems
* Solar energy can be directly utilized (Use solar as heat source)
* No CFC’s leakage problem

Type of vapor absorption refrigeration systems for A/C

Closed cycle vapor absorption solar cooling system
 Single effect
 Double Effect
Open cycle vapor absorption solar cooling system
Intermittent and continuous system operation

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 Closed cycle Vapor Absorption Solar Cooling
System (single effect)

7
G C

4 8
3

HE
5 9
6
2 10
A E
1

Schematic Diagram

P-T-X Diagram

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 Closed cycle Vapor Absorption Solar Cooling
System (double effect)

Gen I

11 14
4 5 C
HEX
SHX I Gen II
12 13 15
6 7
3
8
SHX II
9 16
10
2 17
A E
1

Schematic Diagram P-T-X Diagram

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26
 Conventional Absorption System’s working fluids
Ammonia – Water Absorption System
* Refrigerant - Ammonia
Absorbent - Water
* High operating pressures
* It is suitable for refrigeration and air-
conditioning
* High generation temperature
* Condenser is both water cooled as
well as air cooled
* Rectifier is required
* COP is low (0.5 to 0.6)
* No crystallization problem
* Health hazard as it is toxic
* Inflammable
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Water-Lithium Bromide Absorption
System
* Refrigerant - Water
Absorbent - Lithium Bromide
* Low operating pressures
* It is suitable for air-conditioning
or heat pump
* It is relatively lower
* Only water cooling is necessary
* Rectifier is not required
* COP is high (0.7 to 0.8)
* Crystallization is a major
problem
* It is not toxic
* Not flammable
27
 Open Cycle Vapor Absorption Solar Cooling System

Vacuum pump
Main
Solar tap
collector water
regenerator Water vapor

Absorber Evaporator

SHE
CT

Cold
stream

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 Adsorption Based Cooling Systems
(Solid and liquid desiccant based cooling system)
Desiccant based cooling system offers an environmentally benign alternative to
conventional system based on vapor compression refrigeration system
SOLID DESICCANT LIQUID DESICCANT
*Adsorption is surface absorption –a * Absorption is volume absorption –a
physical phenomenon chemical phenomenon
* Less degree of dehumidification * More drying capability
* Inexpensive materials like * Costly materials like LiBr,LiCl,Cacl2
Silica gel, molecular sieve, alumina Glycols with water
* System is compact * It is bulky
* Pressure drop is higher * Pressure drop is lower
* Poor heat exchange between air * Good heat exchange
streams
* Adsorption – desorption is not * Adsorption – desorption is continuous
continuous * Modifications are necessary for
* Easily coupled with conventional V- coupling
C&AC system

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 Open and closed cycle cooling option

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 Scope of desiccant cooling
Desiccant cooling systems are useful when latent heat load is larger than the sensible
heat load. A thermal energy input is used to regenerate the desiccant.

Advantages of desiccant cooing system:

* Since ,only air and water are used as working fluids and no fluorocarbons are
required thus there is no danger to ozone layer depletion
* Significant potential for energy savings and reduced consumption of fossil fuels
achieved. Electrical energy requirements are 25% less than the conventional V-C
refrigeration system. Source of input thermal energy are diverse viz solar, waste
heat and natural gas.
* IAQ is improved due to higher ventilation rates and the capability of desiccants to
remove air pollutants.
* Since Desiccant systems operate at near atmospheric pressure, their construction and
maintenance is simple
* Desiccant systems can be used for summer/ monsoon air conditioner as well as
winter heating when regeneration energy can be used for heating

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 Desiccant based cycles
Solid desiccant cycles

Ventilation cycle (Pennington)

Ventilation Dunkel cycle (recirculation)
Modified Ventilation cycle (Dhar)
Novel solid desiccant cycle (Kaushik)

Liquid desiccant Cycles

LOF
Gupta & Gandhidasan
Liquid desiccant system for ERM
 Godara and Jain cycles

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 Pennington Ventilation cycle

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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 Dunkle ventilation cycle (recirculation )

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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 Modified ventilation Cycle

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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 Novel Solid Desiccant Cycle (Kaushik et al)

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 Schematic Diagram of Liquid Desiccant System (LOF)

Block diagram

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 Solar Space Conditioning system Using liquid
Desiccant Cycle (Gupta and Gandhidasan)

Block diagram Psychromteric diagram

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 Liquid Desiccant Cooling system (ERM)

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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 New Liquid Desiccant Cycle (Godara)

Block diagram

Psychromteric diagram

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 Hybrid Cycles for Air Conditioning
Useful for capacity up gradation and energy conservation (e.g. high
latent load conditions as in Supermarkets).

Outside air Hot, Dry Supply air

Dehumidifier Cooler
Warm, Cool, dry
humid

Heat input
Rejected
heat

Solid desiccant based hybrid cycle (V-C + Solid

Desiccant cycle)
Liquid desiccant based hybrid cycle (V-C + Liquid
Desiccant cycle)
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 Conventional VC Air conditioner

Desiccant Air conditioner Hybrid Air conditioner

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 Hybrid desiccant cooling system

Block diagram Psychromteric diagram

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 Solid Desiccant Hybrid space Conditioning
(recirculation/condenser cycle)

Block diagram Psychromteric diagram

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 Liquid Desiccant Hybrid Space Conditioning

Block diagram Psychromteric diagram

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 Heat Pipe Based Building Space Conditioning

Heat pipe is passive, novel heat transfer device emerged as a

major energy conservation device. It is popularly used as waste
heat recovery device.
In HVAC system, used as summer winter application, hot and
humid climate and in combination with indirect evaporative
cooling is used.
Various applications like Hospitals, Library buildings,
Shopping complex e.t.c witnessed the potential as energy saver
Heat pipe’s presence is being felt in HVAC industry.

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 Heat Pipe

EVAPORATOR LIQUID CONDENSER

WICK
VAPOR

- Transfers heat from a source to a sink with minimum

temperature gradient
- Passive heat transfer device with high effective
thermal conductivity
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 HEAT PIPE WORKING

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 A T-S Diagram of working fluid circulation in the heat pipe

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 Main Features of Heat Pipes
 Heat transfer with small temperature drop
 Small pressure drop between the evaporator and the
condenser
 Isothermal boiling-condensing cycle
 No moving parts -- high reliability and long life

Components of Heat pipe

• Container (usually aluminum and copper ),

• Wicking structure (capillary effect)
• Working Fluid (water, ammonia e.t.c)

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 Characteristics of Heat Pipe

 Very high thermal conductance,

 Ability to act as thermal transformer,
 Isothermalisation of surface,
 Variable thermal conductance (ability to
control)
 LHP (Loop heat pipe)
 Thermal diode and thermal switch
 Flexibility and construction simplicity

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 Various Applications
• computer industry (note book cooling/laptop),

• automotive industry (vehicle brake system cooling, engine

air pre-cooling),
• aeronautical industry (airplane anti icing system)
• aerospace industry (Iso Thermalisation of large surfaces,
electronics component cooling, satellite radiators)
• Electronics Industry
• manufacturing industry (die-casting and injection molding)
HVAC industry (waste heat recovery in air conditionin

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 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger
(Waste heat recovery)

Gay (1929) Thermosyphon based HPHE

Noju (1968) Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger with fins

Joshi (1993) Studies HPHE in HVAC

Noie-Baghban and Majideian (2000) HPHE for surgery rooms

Mulauci (2006)Thermosyphon based HPHE for A/C application

You (2006) HPHE for Building A/C

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 Heat Pipe used in Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

Heat Pipe

Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

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 HVAC applications

 Operation of HPHE during summer and winter

 Heat pipe based system for hot and humid climate


 Indirect evaporative cooling systems with HPHE

* Ventilation
* Combination with Direct Evaporative cooler
* Coupled with standard Air Conditioning

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 HPHE Operation during summer and winter

Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

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Summer time, the HPHE pre-cools the hot supply air stream
before it enters the cooling coil. Thus reducing the size of the
cooling coil as compared to what would have been without using
HPHE. This system helps in reducing temperature and increases RH.
Evaporative cooler could also be used if required.

Winter time, the HPHE preheats the cold supply air stream before
it enters the heating coil. Thus reducing the size of the heating coil.

“For both seasons HPHE achieved savings in terms of electricity

bills. This kind of HPHE basically recovers heat and helps in
reducing the cost of equipment by downsizing the system
requirement.”

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 Summer and Winter operating benefits and
energy savings

Benefits

* No external energy required

* No modification in ducts required

Energy savings

* Heating Equipment savings

* Cooling equipment savings
* Heating operating savings
* Cooling operating savings
* Indirect Evaporative cooling savings

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 Heat pipe based dehumidifier for A/C application:
Hot & Humid climate
Humidity control for material processing, space conditioning of
habitable buildings, and industrial drying consumes significant
quantities of energy, predominantly electrical energy. Cost of
energy is heavy so it is always favorable to recover energy.

Indian Context
 Dehumidifier is good in hot and humid climate
 South India is the region where average relative humidity
(70-90%)
 And average temperature (> 30oC)
 Relative humidity control is necessary

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 Conclusions
 For building air conditioning option new technology are fastly
coming up . These are addressing the need of less energy &
more comfort
 Environmental concerns raised by VCRS are properly addressed
by solar options using VAR and desiccant based cooling system
 Hybrid systems are energy efficient for air conditioning
 Heat pipe technology a new viable option of energy
conservation. HVAC industry will be reaping benefit from the
passive heat pipe technology.
 Retrofitting of building is desirable for energy conservation
point of view.

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Thanks for Your Kind
Attention
Your questions are
most welcome

61
Thanks for Your Kind
Attention
Your questions are
most welcome

62
Thanks for Your Kind
Attention
Your questions are
most welcome

63
 Heat Pipe Based Building Space Conditioning

Heat pipe is passive, novel heat transfer device emerged as a

major energy conservation device. It is popularly used as waste
heat recovery device.
In HVAC system, used as summer winter application, hot and
humid climate and in combination with indirect evaporative
cooling is used.
Various applications like Hospitals, Library buildings,
Shopping complex e.t.c witnessed the potential as energy saver
Heat pipe’s presence is being felt in HVAC industry.

IIT Delhi 64
 Heat Pipe

EVAPORATOR LIQUID CONDENSER

WICK
VAPOR

- Transfers heat from a source to a sink with minimum

temperature gradient
- Passive heat transfer device with high effective
thermal conductivity
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 HEAT PIPE WORKING

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 A T-S Diagram of working fluid circulation in the heat pipe

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 Main Features of Heat Pipes
 Heat transfer with small temperature drop
 Small pressure drop between the evaporator and the
condenser
 Isothermal boiling-condensing cycle
 No moving parts -- high reliability and long life

Components of Heat pipe

• Container (usually aluminum and copper ),

• Wicking structure (capillary effect)
• Working Fluid (water, ammonia e.t.c)

IIT Delhi 68
 Characteristics of Heat Pipe

 Very high thermal conductance,

 Ability to act as thermal transformer,
 Isothermalisation of surface,
 Variable thermal conductance (ability to
control)
 LHP (Loop heat pipe)
 Thermal diode and thermal switch
 Flexibility and construction simplicity

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 Various Applications
• computer industry (note book cooling/laptop),

• automotive industry (vehicle brake system cooling, engine

air pre-cooling),
• aeronautical industry (airplane anti icing system)
• aerospace industry (Iso Thermalisation of large surfaces,
electronics component cooling, satellite radiators)
• Electronics Industry
• manufacturing industry (die-casting and injection molding)
HVAC industry (waste heat recovery in air conditionin

IIT Delhi 70
 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger
(Waste heat recovery)

Gay (1929) Thermosyphon based HPHE

Noju (1968) Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger with fins

Joshi (1993) Studies HPHE in HVAC

Noie-Baghban and Majideian (2000) HPHE for surgery rooms

Mulauci (2006)Thermosyphon based HPHE for A/C application

You(2006) HPHE for Building A/C

IIT Delhi 71
 Heat Pipe used in Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

Heat Pipe

Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

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 HVAC applications

 Operation of HPHE during summer and winter

 Heat pipe based system for hot and humid climate

 Indirect evaporative cooling systems with HPHE

* Ventilation
* Combination with Direct Evaporative cooler
* Coupled with standard Air Conditioning

IIT Delhi 73
 HPHE Operation during summer and winter

Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger

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Summer time, the HPHE pre-cools the hot supply air stream
before it enters the cooling coil. Thus reducing the size of the
cooling coil as compared to what would have been without using
HPHE. This system helps in reducing temperature and increases RH.
Evaporative cooler could also be used if required.

Winter time, the HPHE preheats the cold supply air stream before
it enters the heating coil. Thus reducing the size of the heating coil.

“For both seasons HPHE achieved savings in terms of electricity

bills. This kind of HPHE basically recovers heat and helps in
reducing the cost of equipment by downsizing the system
requirement.”

IIT Delhi 75
 Summer and Winter operating benefits and
energy savings

Benefits

* No external energy required

* No modification in ducts required

Energy savings

* Heating Equipment savings

* Cooling equipment savings
* Heating operating savings
* Cooling operating savings
* Indirect Evaporative cooling savings

IIT Delhi 76
 Heat pipe based dehumidifier for A/C application:
Hot & Humid climate
Humidity control for material processing, space conditioning of
habitable buildings, and industrial drying consumes significant
quantities of energy, predominantly electrical energy. Cost of
energy is heavy so it is always favorable to recover energy.

Indian Context
 Dehumidifier is good in hot and humid climate
 South India is the region where average relative humidity
(70-90%)
 And average temperature (> 30oC)
 Relative humidity control is necessary

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 Air Conditioning processes for controlling Humidity

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 Schematic Diagram And Psychrometrics

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 Heat pipe based dehumidifier for air-conditioning application:
A Novel Design

Heat pipe based dehumidifier employed heat pipe around the cooling
coil. This Heat pipe is applied to Air Conditioning process. Heat pipe
is fitted around an air conditioning cooling coil, one end is placed in
front of the coil and other is placed after the coil. Evaporator section
which pre-cools the incoming warm and moist air, this pre-cooled air
passes over the cooling coil, temperature and moisture is reduced and
condenser portion of heat pipe, which lies in the downstream side,
releases the same amount of heat which is extracted from the
upstream side of air thus reheating is done in a novel way and leads to
saving in high grade energy. Coming slide shows the basic design of
system and its principle on psychrometric chart.

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 Hot & Dry and
Humid 3 4 dehumidi
1 2
air A fied air
C
co
(Evaporato il (Condens
r) er)
Precool Reheat

Principle of Heat pipe based Dehumidifier Air conditioner

Pre
2 1
cooling H
u
m
3 4 i
Reheat d
ing
i

Dry BulbTemperature t
y
Psychrometrics of Heat pipe based Dehumidifier

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 Indirect evaporative cooling systems with HPHE
This system is the latest development in the use of HPHE. It not
only slashed the power consumption but also reduces the mechanical
A/C equipment
Ventilation
Need of reduction of temperature rather than air conditioning is
obtained using HPHE
Combination with Direct Evaporative cooler
Indirect evaporative cooler is used with direct evaporative cooler to
cool the space and add moisture where average humidity is low
Coupled with standard Air Conditioning
Makeup air is essential to meet the biological conditions for the
required space. HPHE recovers energy from the return air & pre
cools the fresh air. Thus reducing the sensible heat of the fresh air
enables design of more economically

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 HPHE with Indirect Evaporative Cooling

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 Energy saving using Heat pipe (HP) based system for A/C

Air conditioning has been energy exhaustive industry. For comfort,

temperature as well as humidity level must be maintained. Various
studies reported energy savings using HPHE

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 Conclusions
 For building air conditioning option new technology are fastly
coming up . These are addressing the need of less energy & more
comfort
 Environmental concerns raised by VCRS are properly addressed
by solar options using VAR and desiccant based cooling system
 Hybrid systems are energy efficient for air conditioning
 Heat pipe technology a new viable option of energy
conservation. HVAC industry will be reaping benefit from the
passive heat pipe technology.
Retrofitting of building is desirable for energy conservation point
of view.

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 Biodiesel fuel 1.21 %
Geothermal heat 2.17 %

Solar heat 6.83 %

Biomass heat 17.08 %

Large hydro 58.23%

Bioetharnol fuel 0.16 %
Photovoltaic 0.42 %
Geothermal elec 0.72 %
Biomass elec 3.42 %

Wind power 4.58 %

Small hydro 5.12 %

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 NEW AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY-
POTENTIAL AND CUMULATIVE ACHIEVEMENT
(AS ON 31.12.2004)

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 Renewable Energy Monitor
Sources Units Potential Installation

Wind Power MW 45,000 1,870

Small Hydro Power MW 15,000 1,519.28

Biomass Power MW 19,500 537.17

Urban & Industrial

MW 1700 25.75
Waste

Solar PV MW/ sq km 20

Solar Water Heating Mn. sq m 140 0.70

Biogas Plants Mn. 12 3.440

Improved Cookstoves
Mn. 120 35.20
(Chulhas)

Source: MNES

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Thanks for Your Kind
Attention
Your questions are
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