♪ Ionic – metal + nonmetal

♪ Transfer electrons from metal to nonmetal

♪ Metallic – metal + metal
♪ Surrounded by sea of electrons
♪ Covalent – nonmetal + nonmetal
♪ Share electrons
♪ Nonpolar – equally share electrons
♪ Polar – unequally share electrons
▲The greater the difference in
electronegativity, the greater the ionic
character of the bond. (see pg. 151 for
table of electronegativities)
▲0 - 0.3 = nonpolar covalent
▲0.31-1.7 = polar covalent
▲1.71 – 3.3 = ionic
Electronegativity Table
♥ NaCl ♥ Na = 0.9 Cl = 3.0
♥ 3.0-0.9 = 2.1 IONIC
♥ CO2 ♥ C = 2.5 O = 3.5
♥ 3.5-2.5 = 1.0 POLAR
COVALENT
♥ C = 2.5 H = 2.1
♥ CH4
♥ 2.5-2.1 = 0.4 POLAR
COVALENT
◘ CaBr2 ◘ Ionic
◘ SeI2 ◘ Nonpolar Covalent
◘ PCl5 ◘ Polar Covalent
◘ Ionic
◘ LiF
◘ Polar Covalent
◘ SF6
• Bonding – atoms use valence electrons from other
atoms to fill their outside orbitals.
Bonding produces lower energy atoms.
• Covalent bond – a bond in which two atoms share
a pair of electrons.
• Characteristics:
– Occurs mainly between two or more non-metals.
– Electrons are shared fairly equally between atoms.
• Molecule – neutral group of atoms held together
by covalent bonds
• diatomic molecule – molecule with 2 atoms
• molecular formula –the types of atoms and #s of
atoms in a molecule
• potential energy – stored energy
• bond length – distance between two atoms in a
molecule (at minimum potential energy)
• bond energy – energy used to break bonds &
make neutral atoms (kJ/mol)
Valence electrons are usually the only electrons
used in chemical bonds.
Only the valence electrons are shown in electron
dot structures.
Octet Rule – when forming compounds, atoms
tend to achieve the electron configuration of a
noble gas (eight e-’s in the outer orbital).
Exceptions to the Octet Rule: Hydrogen (wants 2
electrons), Boron (usually wants 6), & some atoms
that use d orbitals as well as Sulfur and
Phosphorous
• Gilbert Lewis devised the octet rule to create
drawings of atoms and ions.
• The Lewis Dot structure of an atom is simply the
atom symbol with its valence electrons around it.
• Rule – Don’t pair until you have to!!!!!
• Unshared/Lone Pair Electrons – valence electrons
not used in bonding (belong to one atom only)
Li Si

B N
Sodium
Fluorine
Aluminum
Carbon
Phosphorus
 Li +1
Loses one electron
O -2

Gains two electrons

B +3
Loses three electrons
N -3

Gains three electrons

Chloride Ion

-1
Cl

Aluminum Ion
+3
Al
• Structural formulas – use a
dash to represent 2 electrons
and show how atoms are
connected.
• Double covalent bonds are bonds that
involve two shared pairs of electrons.
– Example - SiO2

Triple covalent bonds are bonds that

involve three shared pairs of electrons.
– Example N2
 Draw the electron dot diagram for these molecules.
• Br2
• HF
• NH3
• CH4
• CO2
What was the first magazine to have
over a million subscribers in the
US?

TV Guide!