Introduction to

Chapter

16

Financial Management

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Sasaran Pembelajaran

Menjelaskan bagaimana perusahaan menggunakan akuntansi. Menjelaskan bagimana untuk menginterpretasikan laporan keuangan. Menjelaskan bagaimana mengevaluasi sebuah kondisi keuangan perusahaan.

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Analisis Akuntansi dan Keuangan

Accounting Function Summary and Analysis of a Firms Financial Condition

Management decisions such as how much to produce and how many employees to hire

Marketing decisions such as pricing and the amount of promotion necessary

Finance decisions such as the amount of debt financing versus equity financing that is appropriate

Earnings of Firm

Value of Firm

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Akuntansi
Perusahaan menggunakan akuntansi untuk :

Proses :
Laporan kondisi keuangan Mendukung keputusan Pengendalian operasional perusahaan

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Pedoman

GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) IRS (Internal Revenue Service)

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Dua Jenis Akuntansi

Keuangan (Financial): konsern dengan penyiapan informasi untuk review oleh pihak luar perusahaan. Manajerial (Managerial): konsern dengan menyiapkan informasi untuk riview pihak dalam perusahaan.

Business Online: Rutgers Accounting

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Pemriksaan untuk Pengendalian

Adalah sebuah evaluasi formal catatan-catatan yang telah digunakan untuk menyiapkan laporan keuangan perusahaan. Karyawan yang menganalisa dan Internal Auditors mengevaluasi perusahaan.

External Auditors

Akuntan Publik yang bekerja untuk akuntan independen

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Dua Tugas pokok laporan keuangan

R/L (Income) Mengindentifikasikan penghasilan, biaya-biaya, dan keuntungan perusahaan dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Neraca (Balance Sheet) Laporan Nilai buku harta (assets), hutang (liabilities), dan Modal (owners equity) daripada sebuah perusahaan pada saat tertentu.

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Contoh Laporan Rugi Laba

Net sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Selling expense $1,500 General & administrative 1,000 Total operating expense Earnings before interest and taxes Interest expense Earnings before tax Income tax (at 30%) Net income $20,000 16,000 $ 4,000

2,500 1,500 500 $1,000 300 $ 700

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Contoh Neraca
Assets (in thousands) Current assets Cash Marketable securities Accounts receivable Inventory Total current assets Fixed assets Plant and equipment Less accumulated depreciation Net fixed assets Total assets Liabilities & Owners Equity (in thousands) Current liabilities Accounts payable Notes payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt Common stockholders equity Common stock Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Total owners equity Total liabilities and owners equity
MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

200 300 500 1,000 $ 2,000 $10,000 2,000 8,000 $10,000

600 400 $ 1,000 $ 5,000 $ 1,000 2,000 1,000 $ 4,000 $10,000

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Analisis Rasio
Ukuran kuantitas yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja laporan keuangan.

Likuiditas (Liquidity) Efisiensi (Efficiency) Leverage (Pengungkitan hutang) Profitabilitas (Profitability)

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Tiga rasio Profitabilitas

Mengindentifikasi kinerja perusahaan untuk mendapatkan pengahasilan melebihi biaya-biaya.
Return on Assets = Net Income/ Total assets Net Profit Margin = Net Income/Net Sales Return on Equity = Net Income/ Total Owners Equity

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Likuiditas
Ukuran kemampuan perusahaan untuk membayar kewajiban jangka pendek. Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities

Acid-Test Ratio or Quick Ratio = Quick Assets/Current Liabilities

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Ukuran Efisiensi
Digunakan untuk menganalisa bagaimana perusahaan mengelola assetnya dengan baik.
Inventory Turnover = Costs of Goods Sold/Average Value of Inventory For A Period of Time

Asset Turnover = Net Sales/Total Assets

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing

Rasio Hutang
(Leverage or Debt Ratios)

Derajat yang menggambarkan kemampuan perusahaan membayar kewajibannya jangka panjang. Debt to Owners Equity = Long-Term Debt/Owners Equity
Times Interest Earned = Earnings Before Interest & Taxes/Annual Interest Expense

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters

2001 South-Western College Publishing