Digital Data Transmission Techniques

Today's Presentation is On Digital Data Transmission

Techniques Used Nowadays

DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES

Now in modern age there are several techniques used

for transmission of data/informations. Today is the era of digital technology so the basic need of transmission of data is SPEED. Along with several facilities alot of techniques of digital data transmission are present. Several types of techniques are being used. The most common type of technique being used are as under:

Several types of techniques being used are:

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line (ADSL) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Bluetooth Digital Subscriber Line Lite (DSL Lite) Fixed Radio Access (FRA) Frame Relay General Packet Radio System (GPRS) High speed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)

Mesh systems Optical fibre SuperJANET Wi-Fi WiMax ZigBee

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

A digital transmission
ADSL

technique for enhancing the information-carrying capacity of traditional copper pair cables in the local access network. Since the bandwidth of the return channel is less than that of the outgoing channel, the technique is described as asymmetric. Its speed was originally at 512 kilobits a second, but now up to 8 Megabits a second. It is widely used nowadays

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) TYPES OF ADSL:

ADSL2
ADSL2

ADSL services typically operate at a maximum speed of 1.5 megabits per second (Mbps), supporting e-mail, Web access, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and some multimedia applications. ADSL2 is an enhanced version delivering speeds of up to 12 Mbps

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) TYPES OF ADSL(contd.)

ADSL2+
ADSL2+ reached consent at the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in January 2003, joining the ADSL2 standards family. The result is a significant increase in data rates on shorter phone lines, doubling the downstream bandwidth and increasing the downstream data rate to as much as 24 Mbps.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

This is a digital transmission

technique which uses packet switching technology. These packets are of a uniform, short fixed length called cells, so that ATM is sometimes called Cell Relay. Each packet contains 48 bytes of the information to be transported and 5 bytes of control information - called the header. Its has speed upto 155 Mbps. It is expected to have speed upto 622Mbps.

Bluetooth
This is a wireless

communications system It is a radio frequency networking system that enables a host of electronic devices to connect to and communicate with various networks including the Internet. Such devices can include domestic equipment like heating, lighting and ventilation systems and personal equipment like handheld and notebook computers, mobile telephone and personal stereo.

Digital Subscriber Line Lite (DSL Lite)

This operates at same principle as Asymmetric Digital

Subscriber Line (ADSL) It is faster but at lower speeds than ADSL. Downstream speeds are between 64 kilobits 1.5 megabits a second, while upstream speeds are between 32 kilobits 512 megabits a second. Although speeds are slower than for ADSL, installation
costs are lower too.

Fixed Radio Access (FRA)

A radio technique to provide local access between a

local telephone exchange and a local telephone customer. It was used by Ionica The frequency used was between 3,425 - 3,490 MHz. Each base station could service up to 2,000 users.

Frame Relay
Like (ATM), it uses packet switching technology to

provide fast data transmission. However, Frame Relay uses a variable length unit of data called a frame Public frame relay services are much more prominent in the USA than Europe (with the notable exception of Finland) and such services have been used in the AsiaPacific region.

General Packet Radio System (GPRS)

It is a technology for permitting mobile telephones and

other devices to access the Internet. it is a packet-based system which enhances the capacity of existing digital mobile networks by creating packets. GPRS has data rates of 144 kilobits a second

General Packet Radio System (GPRS)

High speed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)

It is used by public

telecommunications operators to provide advanced services to business premises using the copper access cable. Unlike (ADSL), it provides the same bit rate in each direction, operating at up to 2 megabits a second. Therefore it can be used for Web/email hosting as well as fast Internet access and other applications.

Mesh systems
Wireless mesh networks are multi-hop systems in which

devices assist each other in transmitting packets through the network, especially in adverse conditions. They provide a reliable, flexible system that can be extended to hundreds of devices over a wide geographical area. What mesh networks have in common is that any time mesh-enabled devices are in close proximity to each other, they automatically create a wireless mesh network. On such systems, data can 'hop' up to 2 Km from rooftop to rooftop.

Optical fibre
It involves the generation of light

signals by miniature lasers which then travel along glass fibres to be received by tiny diodes. The main advantage of optical fibre is the enormously greater capacity or bandwidth. Optical fibres are smaller, lighter, far more reliable, are not affected by electrical interference, and do not cause interference with other equipment Optical fibre systems can carry signals far greater distances without the need for the signal to be boosted. Cost of fibres usually of silica are low but that of opto-electronic devices is high.

SuperJANET
It was originally called the Joint

Academic Network (JANET). Later it was developed into the faster SuperJANET. It is a data network linking British universities and uses (ATM) technology. At most sites, the operating speed is 10 Mbps but in some cases access is only 4 Mbps or as much as 16 Mbps.

Wi-Fi
This is a wireless

communications system formally known as IEEE 802.11b. It is also known as "wireless Ethernet" or "Wi-Fi" (Wireless Fidelity). It operates in the 2.4 GHz band and since this is low power, the spectrum is unlicensed. Wi-Fi is a means of providing wireless connectivity in an office or a home for computers (or other devices) within around 50-100 metres (150300 feet) of a base station.

WiMax
Wireless communications system based on a new standard called IEEE 802.16a It is supported by a group called the World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX). WiMax is a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) technology with a bandwidth of around 75 Mbps across a distance of about 30 miles and operates mainly in the 2.4, 3.5 and 5.8GHz range.

ZigBee
Like Wi-Fi, WiMax, this is a

wireless communications system, but it is slower (250 kilobits a second) and has shorter range than the other systems It requires less power (so batteries can last up to 10 years). It is designed for wireless controls and sensors in the home or office such as lights, switches, doors and appliances. It has the IEEE standard 802.15.4 and, like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, it operates at 2.4 GHz.

Designed And Presented by: Armaghan Zafar Syed Asad Ali Kazmi Waseem Abbas Section D Electrical (Communication) Main Campus UET Peshawar