Autonomic Drugs
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Autonomic Pharmacology
This system is divided into two separate systems. These systems are called the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. These systems often produce opposite effects. Drugs in this group are designed to either enhance or mimic the autonomic nervous system or to block the effects of the neurotransmitters at their receptor sites.
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This system is concerned with the conservation of the body processes. Its main neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. Its receptors are muscarinic, nicotinic, and the somatic-skeletal muscles.
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This nervous system is designed to cope with emergency situations. This is commonly known as the fright or flight response. Its neurotransmitters are epinephrine and norepinephrine. Its receptors are the and receptors.
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Autonomic Pharmacology
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Autonomic Pharmacology
Cholinergic Pharmacology
inotropic actions. Relaxation of smooth muscles causes a decrease in total peripheral resistance. Indirect effects include increased heart rate and cardiac output. The resulting effect depends upon the dose used. Usually, the patient experiences bradycardia and a decrease in blood pressure and cardiac output.
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Autonomic Pharmacology
Cholinergic Pharmacology
Eye These drugs cause miosis and cycloplegia. They cause a decrease in intraocular pressure.
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Autonomic Pharmacology
Adverse Reactions
Adverse reactions are an extension of the drugs pharmacologic effects. They include: Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Paralysis Overdose
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Cholinergic Pharmacology
Contraindications
The contraindications and relative cautions are a result of the drugs pharmacologic and adverse effects. They include: Bronchial asthma Hyperthyroidism Gastrointestinal or urinary tract obstruction Myasthenia gravis treated with neostigmine Peptic ulcer disease Severe cardiac disease
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Cholinergic Drugs
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Anticholinergic Drugs
These drugs prevent the action of acetylcholine at postganglionic parasympathetic endings. Acetylcholine is released but its receptor site is completely blocked by anticholinergic drugs. These drugs only block muscarinic receptors.
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Anticholinergic Drugs
Pharmacology
Central Nervous System Depending on the dose, these drugs can cause
stimulation or depression.
Exocrine Glands They reduce the flow and volume of secretions in the
respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts.
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Anticholinergic Drugs
Pharmacology
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Anticholinergic Drugs
Pharmacology
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Anticholinergic Drugs
Adverse Reactions
The adverse reactions are an extension of the drugs pharmacologic effects. They include: Xerostomia Constipation Urinary retention Blurred vision Hyperpyrexia Hallucinations Photophobia Tachycardia
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Anticholinergic Drugs
Contraindications
Contraindications are usually due to the drugs pharmacologic and adverse effects. They include: Glaucoma Prostatic hypertrophy Intestinal or urinary obstruction or retention Cardiovascular disease
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Anticholinergic Drugs
Uses
Preoperative Medication They inhibit salivary and bronchial secretions. They block the vagal slowing of the heart that can
occur with general anesthesia.
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Anticholinergic Drugs
Uses
Ophthalmologic Examinations Topical use can cause mydriasis which causes a full
visualization of the retina. Cycloplegia relaxes the lens so that proper prescriptions for glasses can be determined.
Parkinson Disease They reduce the tremors and rigidity associated with
Parkinson and drug-induced Parkinson disease.
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Anticholinergic Drugs
Uses
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Adrenergic Drugs
Adrenergic drugs can be classified as having direct action, indirect action, or mixed action. These drugs stimulate and receptors throughout the body. Drugs with direct action (epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol) produce their effect by directly stimulating the receptor site. Drugs with indirect action (amphetamine) release endogenous norepinephrine which then stimulates the receptor. Drugs with mixed action (ephedrine) either directly stimulate the receptor or release endogenous norepinephrine.
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Adrenergic Drugs
Pharmacology
Central Nervous System (CNS) These drugs produce CNS excitation or alertness. Higher doses produce anxiety, apprehension,
restlessness, and tremors.
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Adrenergic Drugs
Pharmacology
Respiratory System These drugs cause a relaxation of bronchiole smooth Metabolic Effects Increased glycogenolysis from -receptor stimulation
causes hyperglycemia.
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Adrenergic Drugs
Adverse Reactions
The adverse reactions associated with these drugs are an extension of the drugs pharmacologic effects. They include: Anxiety Tremors Tachycardia Increased blood pressure Arrhythmias
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Adrenergic Drugs
Uses
vasoconstrictive actions on blood vessels. They are added to local anesthetics because they prolong the action of the local anesthetic, reduce the risk for systemic toxicity, and help to create a dry field.
Cardiac Effects These drugs are used to raise blood pressure and to
treat cardiac arrest.
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Adrenergic Drugs
Uses
Central Nervous System Stimulation These medications are used for the treatment of
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and as diet aids.
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These drugs competitively inhibit and receptor sites. One group of drugs is specific for receptors. One group of drugs is specific for both 1 and 2 receptors. One group is specific for 2 receptors. One group is specific for both and receptors.
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Antiadrenergic Drugs
Pharmacology
These drugs reduce sympathetic tone in the blood vessels and decrease total peripheral resistance. This results in a reduction in blood pressure. These drugs are used to treat hypertension, peripheral vascular disease (i.e., Raynaud syndrome) and benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Uses
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