Physical Change It is a change in which only the state, shape or size of matter changes.
Solution Mixture in which the components lose their identities and are uniformly dispersed. All solutions are composed of a solvent and the substance dissolved called the solute.
Solvent
Solute
Titration
A method of analysing the composition of a substance (in solution) by adding a known amount of a standardised solution until a given reaction is produced.
Concentration
The process of increasing the dissolved solids per unit volume of solution usually by evaporation of liquid also the amount of material dissolved in a unit volume of solution.
Mole
A unit weight or volume of a chemical corresponds to its molecular weight. A mole of water contains 18 grams.
Normality
Measure of the number of equivalent weights of an element or compound per litre of solution abbreviated as 'N' Normal Solution
An aqueous solution containing one equivalent of the active reagent in 1 litre of solution.
pH value
A point on a numerical scale designed to show the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Alkaline solution have pH values between 7 to 14 and acid solution have pH values less than 7.
Hardness
A term originally used to denote that a water has the property of destroying soap due to the presence of calcium magnesium and soil compounds which precipitate. Also used to denote that certain impurities are present.
Hardness Salts
Hardness in water caused mainly by the chlorides, sulphates bicarbonates and nitrates of calcium and magnesium.
Neutralisation A chemical reaction that produces a resulting environment that is neither acidic nor alkaline.
Alkalinity The concentration of alkaline salts or bases present when measured by titration with a standard acid to a pH endpoint. Cation and anion Salts dissolved in water are completely ionised. For example, calcium sulphate will be present as calcium (Ca++ ) and sulphate (SO4--) ions.
Filtration A process of separating particulate mater from a fluid such as solids from liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulate. Filtrate
Specific gravity Ratio between weight of that liquid to the weight of a standard substance at a standard temp.. For liquids water is considered as the standard substance and std. temp. is taken as 4 C. Specific gravity of water is considered standard.
Heat
Energy intransit due to a temperature difference between the source from which the energy in coming and sink towards which the energy is going. (Other type of energy in transit is called work).
Temperature
A property of an object which determines the direction of heat flow when the object is placed in thermal contact with another object. Heat flows from a higher temperature to one of lower temperature. It is measured in C, F, K etc.