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A REVOLUTION IN 45 MINUTES
Contemporary HVAC equipment and design practices are obsolete. They cannot satisfy the stringent requirements of the 21st Century for:
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
HEALTH
RESISTANCE TO TERRORISM
The essential changes can be made quickly.
Here is how to do it.
THE LOGIC
1. HVAC systems are either multiple-zone or single-zone. 2. Multiple-zone air handling systems inherently cannot perform all HVAC functions and operate efficiently. So, they must be abandoned. 3. Single-zone systems can satisfy all HVAC functions efficiently. 4. But, contemporary single-zone HVAC equipment performs poorly because of flaws in design and equipment. 5. We will solve the design problem by introducing a new approach to design that optimizes every function required by the application. 6. We will solve the equipment problem by showing how to correct all the flaws of contemporary single-zone equipment.
Multiple-Zone Air Handling Systems Inherently Cannot Satisfy All HVAC Functions
1. Temperature control of individual spaces forces a 3-way compromise between COMFORT, VENTILATION, and ENERGY EFFICIENCY. 2. All multiple-zone systems inherently have:
INEFFICIENT and/or INADEQUATE VENTILATION HEALTH HAZARDS FIRE HAZARD AIR TRANSPORT LOSSES AIR LEAKAGE into Idle Spaces and Equipment And Now, VULNERABILITY TO TERRORISM
These deficiencies of multiple-zone air handling systems are INHERENT. They cannot be fixed. So, multiple-zone systems must be ABANDONED.
So, the optimized HVAC of the 21st century will use SINGLE-ZONE systems exclusively.
They can avoid all conflicts between energy efficiency and the HVAC functions. They can avoid all health hazards. They cover smaller areas, limiting the spread of fire and noxious agents.
Then, WHY are SINGLE-ZONE Systems Not the Primary Choice for HVAC Today?
DESIGN DEFICIENCIES: Designers neglect to tailor single-zone systems to the functions needed by the application. (Multiple-zone systems tend to be multi-functional, although inefficient.) EQUIPMENT DEFICIENCIES: Lack of rational humidity control Ineffective control of ventilation Failure to exploit opportunities for efficiency Generally poor quality
INTRODUCING
OPTIMIZED-FUNCTION DESIGN
OPTIMIZED-FUNCTION DESIGN
addresses every function of each application in an optimum manner.
1. Define all the HVAC functions that are needed for each application in the facility.
2. Define the spatial zones that correspond to each function. (Zones may differ for different functions.) 3. For each zone, select equipment to fulfill each function optimally. 4. Consolidate the equipment. 5. Optimize the control of the equipment.
2. Define the spatial zones that correspond to each function. (Zones may differ for different functions.)
3. For each zone, select equipment to fulfill each function optimally. 4. Consolidate the equipment. 5. Optimize the control of the equipment.
EQUIPMENT CONSOLIDATION
(One Unit is Needed for Each Zone)
Fulfilling all the functions of the application usually does NOT require a potpourri of equipment. A high degree of EQUIPMENT CONSOLIDATION is possible. A high degree of STANDARDIZATION is possible.
O O X
X X X
O X X
X X X
O X X
X O X
X X X
X O X
X X X
X X X
X X X
O O X
O O X
F Fan. All fans are variable-speed. C Cooling coil H Heating coil D Damper. All dampers are 2-position (fully open or fully closed) R Heat recovery (coil or heat exchanger) A Air flow sensor O on (for fans and coils) or open (for dampers) X off (for fans and coils) or closed (for dampers)
ECONOMICS
of Optimized-Function HVAC
COST ISSUE
(in order of cost)
PERFORMANCE
Major Improvement Much Lower Much Less About Same
Human Productivity & Health Energy Cost Loss of Rentable Space Equipment Cost Insurance Against Hazards Maintenance
OPTIMIZING
DEHUMIDIFICATION
IN SINGLE-ZONE SYSTEMS
ABOLISH
24 C, 40%
80%
80
0 . 24
60%
0 . 20
H UM D IT I Y R AT O I (Lbv L / ba )
% 40
11 C, 100%
W
60 50 40
l ub e tB
F ) 70 (
0 . 16
0 . 12
% 20
0 . 08
0 . 04
40
50
60
70 80 90 D R Y BU LB TE M PER A TU R E ( F )
100
120
24 C, 40%
80%
80
0 . 24
60%
0 . 20
H UM D IT I Y R AT O I (Lbv L / ba )
% 40
11 C, 100%
W
60 50 40
l ub e tB
F ) 70 (
0 . 16
0 . 12
% 20
0 . 08
0 . 04
40
50
60
70 80 90 D R Y BU LB TE M PER A TU R E ( F )
100
120
REHEAT for humidity control in single-zone systems is FREE because it can be done entirely with
REJECTED HEAT
1. Heat rejected in any cooling process always exceeds the cooling load.
2. Reheat needed for dehumidification is always less than the cooling load.
3. Single-zone systems do not need reheat for other functions (temperature control).
Reheating with condenser heat is the most efficient method of dehumidification by cooling that is possible: It INCREASES THE EFFICIENCY of the cooling equipment. It is even more efficient than using renewable energy sources for reheat.
DESIGN CHALLENGES
WHEN USING REJECTED HEAT IN HYDRONIC SYSTEMS
Reheat coils must be enhanced to exploit the LOW TEMPERATURE of rejected heat (typically ca. 50 C), which is further reduced by hydronic heat transfer. Condenser cooling water has low energy density, so it is important to MINIMIZE HEAT LOSS and PUMPING ENERGY. Otherwise, pumping energy will add significant cost to dehumidification.
Dehumidify where moisture concentration is greatest. Include latent heat recovery. Eliminate moisture retention on cooling coils.
Dehumidify where moisture concentration is greatest. Include latent heat recovery. Eliminate moisture retention on cooling coils.
Dehumidify where moisture concentration is greatest. Include latent heat recovery. Eliminate moisture retention on cooling coils.
OPTIMIZING
VENTILATION
IN SINGLE-ZONE SYSTEMS
Optimize outside air economizer cycle. Incorporate exhaust air heat recovery.
Optimize outside air economizer cycle. Incorporate exhaust air heat recovery.
THE FINAL
REFINEMENTS
IN OPTIMIZED-FUNCTION SYSTEMS
MINIMIZE AIR MOVEMENT ENERGY ELIMINATE ALL HEALTH HAZARDS