personality
Derived
from Latin word persona: literal meaning mask Personality is thought to represent an individual (just similar to mask which represents actor or character) sum total of physical and mental characteristics Uniqueness of individual
Biological: Heredity: Inherited characteristics via genes Hormones: Chemical substances secreted by glands Neurotransmitters: Chemical substances secreted by neurons, transmit impulses Nervous system
Environmental factors
Natural environment: Geography, environmental condition, noise and pollution Social Environment: Culture: thebehaviorsandbeliefscharacteristicofa particularsocial, ethnic,oragegroup transferred from generation to generation
Child rearing practices: how children are brought up Role of Home: harmony, parent child relationship, attitude of parents, type of parenting, completeness, order of birth Sibling relationship and sibling rivalry Schooling: type of school and its environment, student teacher relationship
Situational factors
personality TRAITS
Traits are characteristic way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes, or acts Trait is the habitual pattern of behavior, thought and emotions Trait theorist believe that People are born with inherited traits Trait as a continuum
considerable research on trait theories psychologists propose that personality have five main dimensions also called personality factors This theory came into existence with beginning with the research of D. W. Fiske (1949) and later expanded upon by other researchers including Norman (1967), Smith (1967), Goldberg (1981), and McCrae & Costa (1987)
Openness to experience refers to the dimension ranging from outgoing, liberal, interested in new things, and imaginative to reserved, conservative, traditional, and conforming Conscientiousness refers to the continuum ranging from organized, careful, dependable and determined to careless, and weak willed.
Extraversion refers to a person who prefers group activities, group sports, large gatherings, lots of friends and acquaintances, loud music, and social endeavor
Agreeableness represents the extremes of stubborn versus easy going or suspicious versus trusting Neuroticism refers to the dimension of emotional stability
Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (mother-daughter team) expanded on Jungs work by developing an instrument to help people identify their preferences
Non clinical and very useful in organizational setting 100 simple questions
Self-Report Instrument Nonjudgmental Preference indicator Built for normal population Based on Jungs theory of personality
Most
May act quickly without thinking Focus on external environments Prefer to communicate by talking Learn best through doing or discussing Are sociable and expressive Enjoy working in groups
May not take action at all Focus on inner world Prefer to communicate in writing Learn best through thorough mental practice and reflection Are private and contained Enjoy working alone or in pairs
Most
Empathetic Guided by personal values Assess impact of decisions on people Strive for harmony and positive interactions Described as compassionate Search for point of agreement in an argument Fair want everyone treated as an individual
J P Dichotomy: Lifestyle
Most
Are spontaneous/flexible Start many projects but may have trouble finishing them May decide things too slowly Feel energized by lastminute pressures; finish tasks at the deadline Enjoy surprises See routines as limiting
ISTJ
Education Health care Religious settings ISFP Health care Business Law enforcement ESFP
ISFJ
Religion Counseling Teaching Arts INFP Counseling Writing Arts ENFP Counseling Teaching Religion Arts ENFJ Religion Arts Teaching
INFJ
INTJ
ISTP
ESTP
Source: From Introduction to Type and Careers, A.L. Hammer, 1993, Consulting Psychologists Press
ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY
Personality
of individual can be measured using certain tests Testing is the technique by which un observable behaviors are measured Assessment: Projective Tests, Objective Tests and Situational tests, Observation method and interview
Also k/a Personality inventory, Self assessment test or self report test certain standardized questions are asked to the person in order to determine the personality of the individual Usually the questions asked are closed ended in nature MMPI, CPI, 16-PF are examples
MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Developed by Hathaway and Mc. Kinley, 1943 One of the most widely used test for personality measurement Original version 550, Modified 567 True, False, Can not say response
Hypochondriasis: Belief of suffering from physical illness Depression: Prolonged sadness Hysteria: physical disorders such as blindness, paralysis as an escape from emotional problems Psychopathic deviation: antisocial tendency Masculinity Femininity: sex role reversal
Paranoia: the suspiciousness, delusion of grandeur or persecution in the individual Schizophrenia: unusual thoughts or behaviors accompanied by hallucination and delusion Psychasthenia: obsession compulsion, guilt and indecisiveness of individual
Hypomania: excessive excitement, flight of ideas and over activity Social introversion: shyness, lack of interest in others and feeling of insecurity in an individual Validity scales: Lie scale, Can not say scale
PROJECTIVE TESTS
subject is usually shown a series of ambiguous (confusing) stimuli and asked to respond to those stimuli persons inner unconscious feeling and thinking is reflected while confronting (facing) such ambiguous stimuli
Murray and Morgan in 1935 Based on the concept of psychoanalysis 31 cards including 1 blank card At most 20 cards (including 1 blank card) administrated
Subject has to tell a story: what led the event, what is happening at present, what will be the outcome, what the character are thinking and feeling : 5 minute Not very strict about time Story as dramatic as possible
INTERPRETATION
The hero: important traits of the main characters The need : motives and interests of main character The press: the forces and strengths of environment acting The theme : the actions and reactions between heros environment and his forces The outcome : the concluding situation
RORSCHACHS TEST
Also k/a Rorschachs inkblot test Developed by Herman Rorschach 1921 Consists of 10 symmetrical inkblots of which 5 are black and white and remaining 5 are multicolored Two phases: free association and inquiry phase
RORSCHACHS TEST
ROR.
he saw in each card can rotate the cards in all four directions
subject
subjects response, reactions, time taken for the first response, total time taken and other non verbal changes recorded
ROR..
Whole Blot (W), Large Detail (D), Small usual Detail (d), Reverse Figure ground relationship Form, Color, movement What subject sees, of least significance
Determinants: Content:
Situational Tests
Are the tests in which artificial situations are created and the individual is asked to respond to such situation Frequently used while selecting employee for organization
locus of control
Locus of control: Concept developed by Julian Rotter in the 1950 Locus of Control is the degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate May be internal or external
External
believes that his/her behavior is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances
individuals who have high scores in externality are less satisfied with their jobs, have higher absenteeism rates, are more alienated from the work setting, and are less involved on their jobs than are internals
Machiavellianism
Mach is named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote in the sixteenth century on how to gain and use power high in Machiavellianism is practical, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means
degree to which a person behaves to gain power and control the behavior of others High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more than do low Mach Conditions Favoring High Mach
Direct interaction Minimal rules and regulations Emotions distract for others
Self esteem
Self-esteem refers to the way we see and think about ourselves degree to which they like or dislike them selves People with high self esteem are more likely to take risks and act proactively than those with low self esteem People with high self esteem: more satisfied
Self monitoring
refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations
capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private self
Type A personality
People with Type A personality show high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility
Type A
Are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly; Feel impatient with the rate at which events take place Strive to think or do two or more things at once; cannot cope with leisure time; Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how may or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B
Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience; Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation; Play for fun and relaxation rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost; Can relax without guilt
Risk taking
tendency among human decision makers to take chance or possibility of danger, loss, injury, etc. Individuals differ in the level of risks they take Level of risk taking influences work behavior
Risk-Taking
Make quicker decisions Use less information to make decisions Are slower to make decisions Require more information before making decisions Exist in larger organizations with stable environments
KHEM BHATTA
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