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Cardiac Cycle

Atrial systole:

All events related to the flow of blood through the heart during one heart beat is called cardiac cycle. When heart rate is 75 beat/min then a cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 second. The event taking place during the cardiac cycle are the following. Duration .1 sec Atria are contracted and at the same time ventricle relax. Atrial systole contribute 25ml of blood to the volume already in each ventricle(125 ml). The end of atrial systole is also the end of ventricular diastole. Thus each ventricle contain about 130 ml of blood. It is marked by the P wave of ECG.

Ventricular systole: Duration 0.3 second Ventricle are contracted at the same time the atrium relax It is marked by the QRS complex of the ECG. The left ventricle eject about 70 ml of blood into aorta and the right ventricle eject the same volume into the pulmonary trunk. The volume remaining in each ventricle is 60 ml and this volume is called end systolic volume. Relaxation Period: During this period the atria and ventricle both are relax. As the heart beat faster and faster the relaxation period become shorter and shorter

Heart Sound: The sound of heart beat comes from blood turbulence caused by closing of the heart valve. During each cardiac cycle there are four heart sounds but in normal heart only the 1st and 2nd sound (S1 and S2) are loud enough to be heard with stethoscope. S1 lubb sound is caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of AV valve. S2 dupp sound is caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of SL valve. S3 is due to blood turbulence due to rapid ventricular filling. S4 is due to blood turbulence during atrial systole.

Heart at rest

Atria (R & L) contract simultaneously Ventricles (R & L) contract simultaneously

Blood forced into ventricles

Blood flows from large veins into atria Passive flow from atria into ventricles

Ventricles relax
Heart at rest

Atrioventricular valves close lubb sound Blood forced into large arteries Semilunar valves close dub sound

Cardiac_Cycle.ppt

16 Jan. 2013

Cardiac_Cycle.ppt

16 Jan. 2013

Voltage-gated fast Na+ channels open Release of Ca2+ from SR and extracellular space
Rapid influx of Na+ and depolarization

Opening K+ channels & repolarization

Plateau phase: Depolarization prolonged

Heart is autorhythmic Depolarization begins in sinoatrial (SA) node Spread through atrial myocardium Delay in atrioventricular (AV) node
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Spread from atrioventricular (AV) node

AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers

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Depolarization in SA node precedes depolarization in atria, AV node, ventricles

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Method developed by Wilhelm Einthoven

Dutch Elektrokardiogram (EKG) Now usually ECG.

Records electrical events (movements of ions) in heart.

Variations in electrical potential radiate from heart; detectable at wrists, ankles.

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P wave

QRS complex

Depolarization of atria Followed by contraction 3 waves (Q, R, & S) Depolarization of ventricles Followed by contraction Repolarization of ventricles

T wave

P-Q interval Q-T interval

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P-Q interval (or P-

R) Time atria depolarize & remain depolarized

Q-T interval
Time ventricles depolarize & remain depolarized

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Cardiac Output = volume of blood pumped per

minute Product of Heart Rate (beats/ min.) X Stroke Volume (vol./ beat) At rest:

During exercise:

75 b/ min. X 70 ml/ b = 5250 mL/ min. = 5.25 L/ min. 100 b/ min. X 110 ml/ b = 11000 mL/ min. = 11.00 L/ min. 120 b/ min. X 125 ml/ b = 15000 mL/ min. = 15.00 L/ min.

Extreme exercise:

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Regulation of Heart Rate Electrolytes Na+, K+ Ca+ Hormonal regulation Epinephrine Thyroxine Other factors Gender, age, size, health, physical fitness

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Regulation of Heart Rate

Autonomic regulation
O2, CO2, H+ in blood stimulate cardiovascular centers in medulla Sympathetic
CO2, H+ products of exercise, stress Activate cardioacceleratory center Sympathetic pathway

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Regulation of Heart Rate

Autonomic regulation
Parasympathetic
More O2 in blood during rest Activate cardioinhibitory center Branch of vagus nerves

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Regulation of Stroke Volume

Change in volume during contraction SV = EDV ESV
EDV = end-diastolic volume ESV = end-systolic volume

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Regulation of Stroke Volume

Preload Contractility Afterload

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Regulation of Stroke Volume

Preload Contractility Afterload

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Regulation of Stroke Volume

Preload
Stretch of muscle fibers at EDV Venous return

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Regulation of Stroke Volume

Contractility
Force of contraction at any given preload. Sympathetic stimulation thyroxine digitalis extracellular Ca2+

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Regulation of Stroke Volume

Afterload
Force of blood pressure in large arteries, resistance to more blood pumped into those arteries.

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