EMgt 9407

Construction Technology
Course Introduction and Objectives
Dr. Attaullah Shah

Bio details of the Instructor

Engr.Dr. Attaullah Shah
Director ( Planning and Projects AIOU)
pdaiou@yahoo.com. pd@aiou.edu.pk, www.drshahpak.weebly.com +92-333-5729809, +92-51-9057212

Qualification
PhD Civil Engineering ,M.Phil Eco ,MSc Structure Engg MBA, MA Eco, MSc Envir Design,BSc Civil Engg (Gold Medal), Post Grad Dip Comp (Gold Medal)

Professional and Field experience: 25 Years Research Publications in refereed journals and conferences: 26 Journals publications+40 Conference publications Areas of interests
Construction project Management Structural Engineering Sustainable built Environment

Course Description
The courses is aimed at emphasizing the technologies and processes involved in the heavy construction: Excavation and earth-moving techniques, Foundation systems, High performance and other special concretes, Concrete form design, concrete and steel construction, concrete and steel enclosure systems, Building frames and roofing structures. Building Codes etc.

Course outlines
Week-1
Introduction to topics, Construction Types, Construction Operations and Management Process. The role of heavy construction projects in the global socio-economic development Group activity/Assignment:
Role of Construction industry in the socio-Eco development

Course outlines
Week 2: Earth Moving and Excavation Techniques Ground Compaction and Finishing Techniques, Construction of Tunnels
Group Project-1 Each group will select the project given from the list bottom. Develop 2 page proposal for approval and Submit a comprehensive project report on the topic, followed by presentation.

Course outlines
Week 3 Foundation systems Special concretes Quiz # 1 Week 4 High Performance Concrete Design, Concrete Form Design, Robotization for Concrete Forms Assignment No.2 (Individual assignment) What are different types of foundations and how the particular type of foundation is selected?

Course outline
Week 5
- Pre-stressed/Precast Concrete Construction

Week 6
- Mid Term Test (2-hours) - Construction of Bridges

Week 7 - High-rise buildings and skyscrapers Assignment#3 (Group activity)

Visit a high-rise building Constructed/under const. in group and note down the salient construction features of the building. What are the special precautionary needs of high rise buildings

Week 8 Wood and masonry construction

Week 9
Quiz-2 Steel Construction and Composite steel construction

Week 10 - Construction of Dames and hydraulic structures Assignment No.4: (Individual assignment) Write a comprehensive note on ten major dames of the world, their material, construction etc. Week 11 Oil Terminals Construction in the Ocean (tentative) Week 12 - Quiz #3 - Safety in Construction

 Group Assignment The class will be divided into two groups of 3 students each. The group assignment will be prepared and presented by the group. The group leader will present and other group members will assist. The duration of presentation will be 15 min followed by 5 min questions and answers.

Project Instructions:
You will write a report on a chosen heavy-construction technique or technology, e.g. Construction of Cable Stayed Bridges, Bridge Construction Techniques, Cofferdams, High rise buildings, Earth Reinforcement Methods, Micro Tunneling, Pipe Jacking Conduct an in-depth study using resources available in the library and on the Internet. The report shall be submitted in the following format: Title Page Acknowledgments (if any) Table of Contents Executive Summary (total 1000 words or less) Brief introduction of the chosen topic

 Advantages and disadvantages Possible Applications

Main Body of the Report (10-15 pages including tables and pictures)
Introduction (1-2 pages) History (if any) Advantages and disadvantages of the technique (12 pages) Possible applications in construction (1-2 pages) Step-by-step Procedure (with pictures) Comparison of chosen technique with other available techniques (of the same nature) based on:

 Performance, Time or speed of construction, Cost Site constraints such as weather, site conditions etc. Any other criteria, which you feel important Case Study: Provides details of a project where this technique has been used. You may include pictures of that project as well. Limitations of the chosen technique Contractors or Companies which are currently using this technique or providing such services (if any) Conclusions (discuss your opinions about the merits and demerits References: At least 10 for graduate students
All references must be properly cited in the report using numbers or last name of the authors with year of publication. ( [1] or (Shah, 2005) ).

Grade Distribution (Subject to change)

On Campus Mid Term Exam 20 Percent Final Exam 40 Percent Class Assignments 10 Percent Quizzes 10 Percent Project Presentation 10 Percent Group Project 10 Percent ---------------------------------------------------- Total: 100%

Introduction
Construction Industry in 21st Century

Dr. Attaullah Shah

Introduction
Construction Industry in 21st Century

Dr. Attaullah Shah

Volume of Global Construction Industry

Role of Construction sector in Global Economy

Annual global construction output U.S $ 4.5 trillion (2005) Output is heavily concentrated (77 per cent) in the high income countries (Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australasia). The high-income countries produce 77 per cent of global construction output with 26 per cent of total employment. The rest of the world (comprising low- and middleincome countries) produces only 23 per cent of output but has 74 per cent of employment The Labor productivity in the developing countries is low What can be the major reasons in your mind?

Construction market in 2011-12

Construction spending growth has stalled and 2011 was the fourth consecutive year with little or no growth (since 2007) . Overall, world construction spending grew by just 0.5% to $4.6 trillion and is still below the levels achieved in 2007. However, on a positive note, 2011 saw the first increases in world construction spending since the start of the recession. Although, the outlook for 2012-13 is looking slightly more pessimistic as the developing economies responsible for much of the growth in the recent past are starting to slow as their developed country export markets continue to decline. Asia and Latin America were the fastest growing regions in 2011 by a wide margin. For the second year running China was the largest market in 2011, and is forecast to be the fastest growing market in 2012-13

Global Construction spending 2011-12 and growth rate

European Market
Sovereign debt crises and the uncertainty in the Eurozone Only the Scandinavian counties are likely to be largely immune from the impacts Austerity measures in many Western European countries have focused on the postponement/cancellation of many planned infrastructure projects. Construction spending growth will be significantly lower in Western Europe than trend growth for the rest of the world. It is likely that it will be 2020 before the market in Western Europe returns to output levels last seen in 2007. The fastest growing countries in Western Europe in 2012-13 are expected to be Germany (+1.8%) and the U.K. 1.6%

European Market-Contd
The fastest growing countries in Eastern Europe in 2012 are expected to be Poland (+9.1%) followed by Russia (+6.5%) and Turkey (+5.5%), all with growth levels significantly above the average for the region as a whole. In Russia, construction spending on preparations for the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2018 FIFA World Cup are boosting already booming energy and transport infrastructure spending.

Middle East
In the Middle East, moderate construction spending growth (+4.2%) is expected in 2012 Much of the growth will be led by increases in infrastructure construction spending, in particular energy infrastructure. Saudi Arabia, the largest market in the region, is also expected to lead much of the growth in the region (+5% pa), through to 2015 Followed by a return to growth in the U.A.E. (+4% pa), much of which will be led by Abu Dhabi, rather than Dubai which remains subdued and is largely expected to remain that way through the forecast period. Qatar continue to remain positive. Indeed, preparation for the FIFA World Cup 2022 and upgrading of associated infrastructure is expected to make construction spending.

Africa
Due to recent turmoil in much of North Africa In particular, reconstruction in Libya and infrastructure upgrades in Egypt are likely to act as a stimulus for the region through to 2015. In the rest of the region there is a mixed picture emerging, with some areas of strong growth, particularly Nigeria (+8%), with continuing declines in others particularly South Africa. Infrastructure construction is forecast to be the fastest growing sector of construction output through to 2015.

The Americas
The construction market in the U.S.A. is expected to remain stagnant in 2012, with little or no growth forecast, much like construction spending in Western Europe Some growth is expected in Canada and Mexico, although the problems in the U.S.A. are expected to constrain growth in both markets through to 2015. In contrast, much of South America is expected to see significant growth in construction spending through 2012 In particular, the larger markets of Brazil, Argentina and Chile are forecast to see construction growth of over 5% in 2012. Indeed, Brazil and Panama are likely to have construction spending growth of over 10% pa through to 2015 In Brazil, preparations for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Rio Olympics are well advanced and increases in construction spending are largely being led by infrastructures.

Australasia
Construction spending in Australia is expected to grow by close to 5% in 2012, Similarly, construction spending in New Zealand is forecast to rise as earthquake reconstruction moves forward through to 2015.

Global Construction Industry forecast.

Share of spending by region: 2015-20

In the short term there is expected to be a degree of stagnation in global construction spending in 2012, with more sustained growth not expected until 2015 onwards Developing countries are expected to lead growth in 2012. The strongest construction spending growth will again be in China, followed by India and Indonesia

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

The construction industry is one of the largest industries in the United States as well as world, historically accounting for about 10% of the nations gross national product and employing some 10 million workers. It is widely recognized that construction as a discipline is a combination of art and science.

Construction industry segments

Two very broad categories: - General building construction - Engineered construction. General Building Construction Include residential, commercial, institutional and industrial buildings.

Residential construction produces buildings for human habitation, including single-family dwellings, condominiums, multifamily townhouses, flats and apartments and high-rise apartment buildings. Commercial construction includes retail and wholesale stores, markets and shops, shopping centers, office buildings, warehouses and small manufacturing facilities. Institutional construction are medical clinics and hospitals, schools and universities, recreational centers and athletic stadiums, governmental buildings and houses of worship and other religious buildings.

Construction industry segments

Industrial construction is a special segment of the industry that develops large-scale projects with a high degree of technical complexity. Such endeavours result in facilities that manufacture and process products; examples include steel mills, electric power-generating plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical processing plants

 Engineered construction This broad category of construction, sometimes called engineering construction, is characterized by designs prepared by engineers rather than architects, the provision of facilities usually related to the public infrastructure and thus owned by public-sector entities and funded through bonds, rates or taxes and a high degree of mechanization and the use of much heavy equipment and plant in the construction process. Examples: PSDP mega projects in Pakistan Two common subcategories of engineered construction are: -Highway construction and - Heavy construction.

Impact of Construction on National Economies

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Construction Contractors
Companies and individuals engaged in the business of construction are commonly referred to as construction contractors because they operate under a contract arrangement with the owner.

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

FIGURE 1-1. Construction of St. Louis Gateway Arch. (Copyright American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.)

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Construction Industry Divisions
The major divisions of the construction industry consist of building construction (also called vertical construction) and heavy construction (also called horizontal construction).

FIGURE 1-2. Distribution of U.S. new construction volume. (Source: Bureau of the Census)

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

FIGURE 1-3. Modern building construction project.

THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

FIGURE 1-4. Heavy construction projectKennedy Space Center launch complex. (U.S. Air Force photograph)

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Project Development and Contract Procedures
The major steps in the construction contracting process include bid solicitation, bid preparation, bid submission, contract award, and contract administration.

Construction Project Lifecycle.

Construction Project Lifecycle.

Pre-Project Phase:
An idea or perceived need or desire to improve Project delivery system to be used Type of contract to be used with the contractor. The owner may engage a professional engineer, an architect or a project manager during this pre-project phase to advise on these important decisions.

Planning and design phase It is convenient to divide this phase into three stages.
Stage-I: The goal of the first stage is to define the projects objectives, consider alternative ways to attain those objectives Stage-II: Develop schematic diagrams showing the relationships among the various project components, Stage-III: Detailed design of the structural, electrical and other systems

 Contractor selection phase Client: Procurement and tendering methods to be Contractor:

Study of various methods and techniques/equipment by the to workout the schedule of the project and all activities and Second, a priced proposal will be prepared, including the direct costs of labour, materials, plant and subcontractors, various overhead charges and a sufficient added amount for profit.

The last step in this phase is the submittal, opening and evaluation of tenders, the selection of the successful contractor and the finalization of the construction contract.

 Project mobilization phase

Various bonds, licenses and insurances must be secured ( Can you name some) A detailed programme for the construction activities must be prepared. The cost estimate must be converted to a project budget and the system for tracking actual project costs must be established. The worksite must be organized, with provisions for temporary buildings and services, access and delivery, storage areas and site security. The process of obtaining materials and equipment to be incorporated into the project must be initiated and arrangements for labor, the other essential resource, must be organized. With the completion of this phase, it is finally time to begin the actual field construction.

 Project operations phase Three majors areas are looked into by the contractors
Monitoring and control ( Five aspects )
Time Management Cost management Quality Management Work safety and Environmental issues

Resource Management Documentation and Communication

Project closeout and termination phase:

Finally, as the project nears completion, a number of special activities must take place before the contractors responsibilities can be considered complete. Tastings, final verification and acceptance etc closing the construction office and terminating the staffs employment.

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

For major projects, steps in the project development process include the following:
Recognizing the need for the project. Determining the technical and financial feasibility of the project. Preparing detailed plans, specifications, and cost estimates for the project. Obtaining approval from regulatory agencies.

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

How Construction Is Accomplished
Construction employing an owner construction force. Owner management of construction. Construction by a general contractor. Construction using a design/build (turnkey) contract. Construction utilizing a construction management contract.

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

FIGURE 1-5. Construction employing owner construction forces.

FIGURE 1-6. Owner-managed construction. [Either (a) or (b) or both may be employed.]

Many large industrial organizations, as well as a number of governmental agencies, possess their own construction forces. Although these forces are utilized primarily for repair, maintenance, and alteration work, they are often capable of undertaking new construction projects More frequently, owners utilize their construction staffs to manage their new construction.

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

FIGURE 1-7. Construction by a general contractor.

- Construction by a general contractor operating under a prime contract is probably the most common method of having a facility constructed

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Design and Build: Under the design/build or turnkey construction concept (Figure 1-8), an owner contracts with a firm to both design and build a facility meeting certain specified (usually, performance oriented) requirements. Such contracts are frequently utilized by construction firms that specialize in a particular type of construction and possess standard designs which they modify to suit the owner's needs. Since the same organization is both designing and FIGURE 1-8. building the facility, coordination problems are Construction employing minimized and construction can begin before a design/build firm. completion of final design. In this case, the construction contract is normally on a costreimbursement basis. This type of construction is referred to as fast-track. The major disadvantages of the design/build concept are difficulty in obtaining competition

THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Construction Management contracts: A professional construction manager (CM) acts as the owner's agent to direct both the design and construction of a facility. -Three separate contracts are awarded by the owner for design, construction, and construction management of the project.

FIGURE 1-9. Construction utilizing a construction management contract.

Methods of Construction Procurement

Methods of construction project procurement (Mastermann,1996).

Design Bid Build vs Design & Build

Advantages of Design and Build:

-Single point of Responsibility -Price certainty -Speed and high progress -Effective Cost control -Build ability/Constructability. -Less claims

Disadvantages:
-Poor quality of design -Additional fee for design revision and improvements. -Lack of flexibility in the contract

Classification Design & Build projects in China

CODES AND REGULATIONS

Projects constructed in most areas of the world must comply with a number of governmental regulations. Building Codes These include building codes, zoning regulations, environmental regulations, and contractor licensing laws, among others. International Building Code Pakistan Building Code ( Seismic provisions 2007) Pakistan Energy Code Zoning, Environmental, and Other Regulations CDA Zoning Code Environmental regulations (EIA) Safety and health Regulations (OSHA)

STATE OF THE INDUSTRY

Construction Productivity:
Much of the blame for industry low productivity problems should be shared by owners, contractors, labor, and government, many of the problems could be overcome by improved management of the construction effort by owners and contractors with the cooperation of the other parties.

Reducing Construction Costs

Good work planning. Carefully selecting and training workers and managers. Efficiently scheduling labor, materials, and equipment. Properly organizing work. Using laborsaving techniques, such as prefabrication and preassembly. Minimizing rework through timely quality control. Preventing accidents through good safety procedures.

Construction Management
It refers to the act of managing the construction process The construction manager, who may be a contractor project manager, superintendent, or one of their representatives, manages the basic resources of construction. These resources include workers and subcontractors, equipment and construction plant, material, money (income, expenditure, and cash flow), and time. Poor construction management practices can lead to: Project delays that increase labor and equipment cost and the cost of borrowed funds.
High material costs caused by poor purchasing procedures, inefficient handling, and/or loss

Increased subcontractor cost and poor contractorsubcontractor relations. High insurance costs resulting from material and equipment loss or damage or a poor safety record. Low profit margin or a loss on construction volume and many more

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
The scope of construction management is broad and includes such topics as construction contracts, construction methods and materials, production and cost estimating, progress and cost control, quality control, and safety. Elements of Construction Management Quality Management
includes such activities as specification development, process control, product acceptance, laboratory and technician certification, training, and communication. Quality control (QC),which is a part of the quality management process, is primarily concerned with the process control function. Since the contractor has the greatest control over the construction processi t has been found that quality control is most effective when performed by the contractor.

 Safety and Health

Historically, the construction industry has had one of the highest accident rates among all industries The following construction operations have been found to account for the majority of serious construction injuries: - Concrete construction, especially construction of formwork, placing concrete into form work, and failure of form work during construction. - The erection of prefabricated trusses, precast concrete elements, and structural steel. - The construction and operation of temporary facilities including scaffolding, construction plants, lifts, and storage facilities- Working from elevated positions resulting in falls. - Construction equipment operations.

 Organization for Construction

FIGURE 1-10. Representative construction company organization chart.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Reasons for Construction Company Failure;
Dun & Bradstreet and others have investigated the reasons for the high rate of bankruptcy in the construction industry. Some of the major factors they have identified include: -lack of capital, -poor cost estimating, -inadequate cost accounting, and - lack of general management ability. All of these factors can be categorized as elements of poor management. Such studies indicate that at least 90% of all construction company failures can be attributed to inadequate management. Use of Computers: limited but new networks

CONSTRUCTION TRENDS AND PROSPECTS

Construction Trends
Some of the major trends noted in the construction industry in recent years include; Increasing international competition, Rapid changes in technology, the wide availability of in formation via the Internet, increasing speed and ease of communication, and increasing Governmental regulation of the industry, particularly in the areas of safety and environmental protection. As a result of these developments, the larger well-managed construction firms are capturing an increasing share of the total construction market. - - These trends, along with the increasing use of computers for design and management, have created a growing demand for technically competent and innovative construction managers, - - With increasing automation of construction equipment has come an increasing demand for highly skilled equipment operators and technicians

 Problems and Prospects

In summary, the future of construction appears as dynamic as does its past. An abundance of problems, challenges, opportunities, and rewards wait for those who choose to enter the construction industry.

Further study
Please read the research paper: Role of Construction industry in the economic development-An empirical evidence from Pakistan
www.civil.neduet.edu.pk/ICCIDC- I/Conference%20Proceedings/.../030.pdf

Presented at ICCIDC-I in NED University Karachi. Please critically review the paper

Group Assignment
Write a detailed note on Role of Construction industry in the socio-Eco development with special reference to developing country. Read the journal and conference papers