DEFINITION
Device used to transfer energy from primary winding to secondary winding by electromagnetic induction. Based on Faradays Law of induction
Where:-
EMF (V)
B Magnetic flux (Wb)
TRANSFORMER USES
Impedance matching Electrical Isolation AC power transmission
STEP-UP
Transformer
Transformer
STEP-DOWN
HISTORY
1831 Michael Faraday invented the Induction Ring. 1881 Lucien Gaulard and John Gibbs exhibited a device called secondary generator. 1885 William Stanley developed the fist commercially used practical device while working for Westinghouse Electric Company in US.
INDUCTION THEORY
Transformers behaviour is based on Faradays Law of Induction
Where:-
EMF (V)
N No of turns of wire
INDUCTION THEORY
Reference: http://www.tpub.com/doeelecscience/electrical%20science2_files/image1053.jpg
POWER STATION
132/11 KV
SMALL INDUSTRY
132/33 KV
LARGE INDUSTRY
11 KV/240 V
RESIDENTIAL
Reference : http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/img/im_generation.gif
TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t) + Vp(t) Vs(t) Np Ns is(t) +
Np = No of windings on the primary ip = Current into the primary Vp = Voltage across the primary
Ns = No of windings on the secondary is = Current out from the secondary Vs = Voltage across the secondary
LOSSES
Transformers have losses and these losses must come into consideration.
Copper losses (I^2 R) Leakage Flux losses Core losses
Eddy currents
Hysteresis losses
Vp(t)
Rc
jXm
Np
Ns
Vs(t)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Leqp Is/a Reqp
Vp
Rc
jXm
aVs
TYPES
Three Phase Transformers
Three phase transformers can be constructed in two different ways i.e. :1. A three phase bank consists of three single phase transformers. 2. Three windings wrapped around a common core.
Delta wye ( Y)
Delta delta ( )
Wye wye (Y Y)
TYPES
Two types of special purpose transformers used in power systems for taking measurements.
Potential Transformer Current Transformer
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency () is the ratio of the power out to the power in of a transformer.
in an Ideal transformer, no power losses
PIN = VPIP cos P POUT = VSIS cos S PIN = POUT = VPIP cos P = VSIS cos S SOUT = SIN = VPIP = VSIS
Ideal = 100%
VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage regulation (VR) is the ability of a system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load conditions. Also it compares the VO at no load to VO at full load.