Marxist Criticism

An Introduction

Marxist Critics
Apply the economic/social principles and ideas of Karl Marx to film and the film industry. Believe that society is based on a dialectic (or conflict) between employers (capital) and employees (labor). The ruling class and workers struggle for economic power. Believe that the values of capitalism, such as the primacy of profit and consumerism, infuse all aspects of our society.

Marxist Critics
See the individual as a product of societys value system (The individual is constructed by class and society.) Emphasize the role of class and labor as they analyze films.

Grapes of Wrath (1940)

Society
The beliefs, attitudes, and values of a society form an ideological base which influences the superstructure of a society, its laws, politics, religion, education, art, literature, film, urban development, etc. The ideological base influences the economic base of society, the way the society produces materials, the economic organization of a group: capitalism, socialism, barter and trade.

Base and Superstructure

Superstructure
laws, politics, religion, education, art, philosophy, and

ethics

Base Ideology:
system of beliefs, attitudes, and values

Capitalism
Capitalism is the ideological base of the United States and much of Western culture. Discussion: What are the values and beliefs of capitalism?

Exploitation
One tenet of capitalism is exploitation. Discussion: How might employers exploit their employees?

Exploitation
Employees/owners make money (or profit) by paying employee/workers less than the value of their production. For example, an employee makes 100 mechanical pencils an hour that are worth $1 a piece on the market, but rather than pay the employee $100/hour, the employer pays the employee $6.75/hour for a profit of $93.25 (minus fixed costs, such as raw materials, and taxes).

Norma Rae (1979)

Germinal (1993)

Exploitation continued . . .
Profit: driving force of capitalism; private investment and control of profit; money left over after fixed costs and labor costs; many make product (and earn wage); only one makes profit (net proceeds) Profit loss: Market saturation, lower demand for product, raise in fixed costs, raise in labor costs, a change in supply and demand can all eat into the profit.

To further increase profits

Employers exploit their employees by
Speeding up work Lowering wages Creating dangerous working conditions Not allowing labor a voice (unions) Laying off/downsizing workforce Providing shorter breaks Driving workers with hard labor

Roger and Me (1989)

Harlan County, USA (1976)

Exploitation leads to Alienation Alienation: a withdrawing or separation of a person or a person's affections from an object or position of former attachment
(Merriam-Webster Online)

Discussion: From whom or what might workers feel alienated from?

Employees feel alienated . . .

From product: soul not in it; not sure what product is; no sense of ownership or pride in work From self: drug addiction; insanity; lower self-esteem; loss of identity; just a number From others: other employees; employers; family From time: 9-5; watch the clock; no rest or relax; clock in and out

Salesman (1969)

Marxist critics may also analyze . . .

Marginalization of lower classes (placed at edge of society socially, economically, and politically) Violence between the classes Dehumanization of the lower classes How all the above is tied to race and racism

How to . . .
Look for evidence of how the values of capitalism influence the characters and society are represented in a film. Analyze the conflict between labor and capital in a film. Analyze the effects of capitalism in the film. Focus on working conditions of workers as represented in a film. Analyze exploitation of worker as represented in a film. Note instances of alienation in a film Note the marginalization of lower classes . .

Key Terms
Capitalism: the economic ideological base which values private ownership and profit for individuals Labor: employees, workers Capital: employers, owners, major investors Base: beliefs, attitudes, and values of a society Superstructure: laws, politics, education . . . which reflect the base Exploitation: the difference between the value of production and what a worker is paid by the owner Alienation: the results of capitalism on the worker; the separation between the worker and others due to exploitation on the job. Marginalization: placing lower classes and people of color on edges of society socially, economically, and politically

Resources
Fish, Tom. Marxist Criticism. The Literary Criticism Web. Cumberland College. 23 June 1999. 15 Apr. 2004 <http://cc.cumberland college.edu/acad/english/ litcritweb/theory/marxism.htm>. Giannetti, Louis. Understanding the Movies. 11th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. Henderson, Greig and Christopher Brown. Marxist Criticism. Glossary of Literary Theory. U of Toronto. 31 Mar. 1997. 15 Apr. 2004. <http:// www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/glossary/Marxist_criticism. html>. Lynn, Steven. Texts and Contexts. New York: HaperCollins, 1994. Prince, Stephen. Movies and Meaning. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.