Dr. Jeannette Andrews, Medical College of Georgia Dr. Claudia Barone, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences
Objectives
Identify the importance of integrating tobacco cessation in DAILY practice Identify key strategies / approaches for integrating tobacco cessation in DAILY practice Identify essential resources for integrating tobacco cessation in DAILY practice
Male
Percent
30 20 10 0
1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003
Female
Year
The BAD News: < 36% News: Receive70% Information The GOOD want on to HOW quit to quit
Graph provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1955 Current Population Survey; 19652001 NHIS. Estimates since 1992 include some-day smoking.
11.3% Asian
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Miscarriage Stillbirth
Preterm delivery
Low birth weight
BABY ALERT: 27% OF Tobacco Dependent WOMEN Continue to SMOKE THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY
430
81 17
A ID S oh ol
41
19
e
14
ce d
30
ic l
ic id
ic id
eh
In du
A lc
Sources: (AIDS) HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 1998; (Alcohol) McGinnis MJ, Foege WH. Review: Actual Causes of Death in the United States.JAMA 1993;270:2207-12; (Motor vehicle) National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, 1998; (Homicide, Suicide) NCHS, vital statistics, 1997; (Drug Induced) NCHS, vital statistics, 1996; (Smoking) SAMMEC, 1995
H om
Su
ot o
D ru g
Sm
rV
ok in
Cardiovascular diseases Lung cancer Respiratory diseases Second-hand smoke Cancers other than lung Other
$331,467
$220,978
Packs per day
$110,489
0 100 200 300 400
Snuff
Moist Dry
The Copenhagen and Skoal logos are registered trademarks of U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company, and Red Man is a registered trademark of Swedish Match.
75 A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH = A Successful Framework for Quitting Stopped smoking at 45 (mild COPD)
50
25
The BEHAVIOR
The EMOTIONAL
The PHYSICAL
Stopped smoking at 65 (severe COPD)
Death 0 25
Automatic learned behavior with cigarettes
50
Role of cigarettes in life pleasure, stress, social
75
Age (years)
Adapted from Legacys GSD&M Presentation 12/5/03 COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The BEHAVIOR
The EMOTIONAL
The PHYSICAL
Dopamine release
An individual smokes 1 pack per day x 20 yrs 20 cigarettes / pack 10 puffs / cigarette = ?? puffs / day
200 HITS of THATs ____ NICOTINE per DAY
Now Multiply that # by days / year 73,000 THEN multiply that number by years smoking! 1.4 million
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine Glutamate Serotonin
C
O T I E
N -Endorphin
GABA
Depression Insomnia Irritability/frustration/anger Anxiety Difficulty concentrating Restlessness Increased appetite/weight gain Decreased heart rate Cravings*
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). DSM-IV. Hughes et al. (1991). Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:5259. Hughes & Hatsukami. (1998). Tob Control 7:9293.
Most symptoms peak 2448 hr after quitting and subside within 24 weeks.
How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette
Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in restricted areas Which cigarette do you hate to give up most How many cigarettes do you smoke per day Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking Do you smoke if you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day
Scores range from 0 to 10; a score of greater than 5 indicates substantial dependence
The 5 As
ASK
ADVISE ASSESS ASSIST ARRANGE
HANDOUT
Fiore et al. (2000). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: USDHHS, PHS.
Brief interventions have been shown to be effective In the absence of time or expertise:
Ask, advise, assess, and refer to other resources, such as local programs or the toll-free quitline 1-800-QUIT-NOW
This brief intervention can be achieved in 30 seconds.
ROADBLOCKS
REPETITION
Fiore et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: USDHHS, PHS, 2000.
PRAISE the individuals readiness Facilitate the quitting process ESTABLISH THE PLAN
Cognitive STRATEGIES
#1 Individualize the plan #2 Assess MOTIVATION to quit (0-10) #3 Assess CONFIDENCE to quit (0-10) #4 Assess triggers for tobacco use Routines/situations associated with tobacco use Tobacco Log
Behavioral STRATEGIES
#7 Discuss how the to change routine Breaking QUITTING isNICOTINE hard to do. Non-food / healthy items instead of cigarettes DEPENDENCE Cycle Tea instead of coffee / Exercise instead of smoking ALL cycles must be addressed for SUCCESS! A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH = A Successful Framework for Quitting #8 Discuss coping skills for situational and/or emotional triggers
The The The Withdrawal concerns the 4 Ds PHYSICAL BEHAVIORThe EMOTIONAL The The
PHYSICAL
The BEHAVIOR
The EMOTIONAL
The PHYSICAL
Reduces physical withdrawal from nicotine Allows patient to focus on behavioral and psychological aspects of tobacco cessation It is NOT substituting ONE negative health behavior for another IMPROVES SUCCESS RATES!
Percent quit
20 15
10 5 0 Nicotine gum
Nicotine patch
Nicotine lozenge
Nicotine inhaler
Bupropion
Data adapted from Silagy et al. (2004). Cochrane Database Syst Rev and Hughes et al., (2004). Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
Rx nicotine gum
1991
1984
NICOTINE ABSORPTION
Absorption is pH dependent
In acidic media
Ionized poorly absorbed across membranes Nonionized well absorbed across membranes
In alkaline media
Cigarette
Cigarette
20
Moist snuff
Moist snuff
Nasal spray
15
Inhaler
10
Lozenge (2mg)
Gum (2mg)
5
Patch
0 1/0/1900 0 1/10/1900 10 1/20/1900 20 1/30/1900 30 2/9/1900 40 2/19/1900 50 2/29/1900 60
Time (minutes)
No food/beverage 15 min
Max = 24 / day
Available: 2 mg, 4 mg; regular, mint, orange NOT recommended if use dentures
Park
Dose = 1 patch every day (16 hrs or 24 hrs) Best if ROTATE patch different areas Preferred sites above the waist Avoid if acute / chronic skin condition If problems sticking apply TEGADERM dressing over patch May bathe/swim with patch Do NOT cut patch
Dose = 1every 1-2 hrs No food/beverage 15 min prior - during or 15 min post MAX = 20 per day Delivers ~25% more nicotine than equivalent gum dose Available: 2 mg, 4 mg Let dissolve 20-30 minutes; NO chewing/biting of product
Dose = 1 dose (2 sprays per nostril) every hr MAX = 5 doses/hr OR 40 doses /day Each dose delivers -50 L spray = 0.5 mg nicotine per spray Rapidly absorbed across nasal mucosa --faster onset of action (1113 minutes) compared to the gum, patch, or inhaler
NICOTINE INHALER
Dose = 6- 16 cartridges / d
MAX = 16 cartridges / d
Delivers 4 mg nicotine vapor, which is absorbed across buccal mucosa - ~ 20 minutes of puffing = 1 cartridge
BUPROPION SR (ZYBAN)
(GlaxoSmithKline)
COMBINATION PHARMACOTHERAPY
Combination NRT
Long-acting formulation (patch)
Bupropion SR + NRT
Reserve for patients unable to quit using monotherapy.
Georgetown Pilot RCT with Quest Cigarettes Phase II RCT with NicVAX (nicotine vaccine) Phase III RCT soon to be released Pfizers Varenicline / Champix QUITKEY for individuals who cannot or should not use NRT
$4.12
$3.93 $2.66
The BEHAVIOR
The EMOTIONAL
The PHYSICAL
WHAT IF
a patient asks you about your use of tobacco?
THANK YOU
Time for Questions & Interactive Cases
Workshop resources available at
http://rxforchange.ucsf.edu http://snhs.georgetown.edu
http://tobaccofreenurses.org