Anda di halaman 1dari 97

Literature and Humor

by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen

54

Stephen King said:


Fiction is the truth within the lie. What does this mean? What is the difference between truth and verisimilitude? Does fiction (e.g. Red Badge of Courage) or non-fiction (e.g. Stillness at Appomattox) give a more accurate portrayal of the Civil War?
54 2

ANALOGIES: GENRES AND SEASONS


1ST: SPRING = COMEDY 2ND: SUMMER = ROMANCE 3RD AUTUMN = TRAGEDY 4TH WINTER = IRONY or SATIRE

THEN BACK TO SPRING = COMEDY (Frye 131-139)


54 3

SPRING

54

SUMMER

54

AUTUMN

54

WINTER

54

1ST: SPRING = COMEDY


Comedy is based on an unjust law or tradition which in the end is broken. There is always a complication, but the comedy ends in the reestablishment of the natural order of things, and everybody paired off and living happily ever after. Two sub-genres of Comedy are Comedy of Manners and Comedy of Humors.
54 8

COMEDY OF HUMORS
The Comedy of Humors goes back to the belief of medieval physiology that human dispositions are based on the balance of the four basic fluids, phlegm, blood, black bile, and yellow bile. If the balance is not right a person might be phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholy or bilious. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 248)
54 9

If a characters humors are out of balance, he is a humors character, otherwise known as an eccentric, or even (as with Flannery OConnors characters) a grotesque.
Chaucers Canterbury Tales is filled with humors characters ranging from the energetic Wife of Bath to the pretentious but little educated Nun and from the overly religious and hypocritical Monk to the crude rascal of The Miller and the comically romantic Knight. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008]: 248)
54 10

In Neil Simons The Odd Couple, Oscar Madisons exaggerated sloppiness is placed in opposition to the meticulousness of Felix Unger. (Nilsen & Nilsen 107)
In contrast, a Comedy of Manners parodies and satirizes the manners and conventions of high society.

54

11

Alazons and Eirons


Alazons and Eirons are stock humorous characters going back to Greek drama. Alazons are overly confident braggarts getting their way by blustering and bullying. At the other extreme, are the eirons, who are sly rogues getting their way through feigned ignorance or dumb luck. The term eiron is related to the term irony, because the Eirons say one thing, but mean another. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 248) Note that in Japanese culture, the Samurai are the Alazons, and the Ninja are the Eirons.
54 12

Comedy of Manners
Comedies of manners frequently stress the superior intellectual and moral values of middle class characters as compared to the established aristocracy. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 247)
54 13

In Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Jack responds to Lady Bracknells question of whether he smokes and she answers, I am glad to hear it. A man should have an occupation of some kind.
Later, Jack answers one of her questions by saying he doesnt know, to which she cheerfully responds, I am pleased to hear it. I do not approve anything that tampers with natural ignorance. Ignorance is like a delicate exotic fruit; touch it and the bloom is gone. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008]: 248)
54 14

In Beaumarchaiss The Marriage of Figaro, which was later made into an opera by Mozart, the unjust law was that the Lord of the Manor had the right to take the virginity of any woman marrying one of the Lords serfs.
The plot of the play revolves around how Figaro and his bride repeatedly outwit the Lord of the Manor until the couple is married and the Lord is no longer entitled to this privilege. (Nilsen & Nilsen 107)

54

15

In Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, the unjust law relates to the pound of flesh that Shylock is authorized to receive.
Portia, the lawyer, overturns the unjust law by arguing that while Shylock may be allowed to take his pound of flesh, he cannot shed one drop of blood in obtaining it. (Nilsen & Nilsen 107)
54 16

COMEDY BECOMES TRAGEDY


The line which changes Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet from a comedy to a tragedy was spoken by Mercutio (a mercurial figure). When Mercutio is wounded in a sword fight Romeo says, Courage, man, the hurt cannot be much,
54 17

and Mercutio responds, No, tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as a churchdoor, but tis enough, twill serve.
Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man.

54

18

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
COMEDY OF HUMORS: Canterbury Tales, Little Women, The Owl and the Nightingale, The Taming of the Shrew COMEDY OF MANNERS: The Importance of Being Ernest, The Rivals (with Mrs. Malaprop)

54

19

2ND: SUMMER = ROMANCE


The Romance presents an idealized world, the black-and-white world of our desires, where good things are really good, and bad things are really bad. The Romance involves the Journey, and the Journey involves the Hero, the Villain, the Quest, the Sage, the Prohibition, the Sacrifice, the Dragon, the Treasure, and sometimes the rescue of the Maiden. The epiphany (mountain top, tower, island, lighthouse, ladder, staircase, Jacks beanstalk, Rapunzels hair, Indian rope trick etc.) connects Heaven and Earth (Frye 203).
54 20

EXAMPLES OF ROMANCE

The Divine Comedy, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Lord of the Rings, Paradise Lost

54

21

3RD AUTUMN = TRAGEDY


Tragedy is the opposite of comedy in that the happiness appears at the beginning or the middle. Somebody is privileged, but with a fatal flaw, usually an obsession and hubris which causes the downfall.
54 22

EXAMPLES OF TRAGEDY

The Great Gatsby, Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo and Juliet
54 23

4TH WINTER = SATIRE

Satire demands at least a token fantasy (Utopia and Dystopia), a content which the reader recognizes as grotesque, and at least an implicit moral standard (Frye 224).
54 24

EXAMPLES OF SATIRE
HORATIAN SATIRE (mild and amusing): Animal Farm, Brave New World, Gullivers Travels, Little Big Man, Lysistrata, Screwtape Letters JUVENALIAN SATIRE (harsh and bitter): 1984, Clockwork Orange, Fahrenheit 451, Lord of the Flies, A Modest Proposal
54 25

4TH WINTER = IRONY Whenever a reader is not sure what the authors attitude is or what his own is supposed to be, we have irony with relatively little satire (Frye 223).
54 26

EXAMPLES OF IRONY OR GALLOWS HUMOR

Catch 22, Catcher in the Rye, Fargo, The Loved One, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, Portnoys Complaint, Pulp Fiction, Slaughterhouse 5, The World According to Garp
54 27

ADDITIONAL GENRES
Other genres of literature include the following: Benign Humor, the Bildungsroman, the Cautionary Tale, the Doppelganger Genre, Erotic Humor, Fantasy Humor, Farce, Gothic Humor, the Metamorphosis Genre, Parody, the Picaresque Novel, Pourquoi Stories, and Vernacular Humor
54 28

BENIGN HUMOR
Benign Humor is non-threatening. It is a mild type of satire with much word play. Examples of Benign Humor include Alice in Wonderland, the Bertie Wooster and Jeeves novels, Peter Rabbit, Through the Looking Glass, The Wind and the Willows, and Winnie the Pooh.

54

29

Lewis Carroll
After the success of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland, and Through the Looking Glass, Queen Victoria gave permission to Lewis Carroll to dedicate his next book to her. He complied by honoring her with a mathematical treatise. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008]: 244)
54 30

BILDUNGSROMAN
In a Bildungsroman, the character grows. Examples of Bildungsroman novels include Are You There, God? Its Me, Margaret, The Chocolate War, I Am the Cheese, and Moll Flanders.

54

31

CAUTIONARY TALE
A Cautionary Tale tells us what not to do. Examples of Cautionary Tales include Aesops Fables, The Bidpai Tales, Coyote Stories, La Fontaines Fables, Uncle Remus Stories and Urban Legends.
54 32

DOPPELGANGER GENRE
The Doppelganger Genre concentrates on a single character with two personalities, or two characters with a single personality.

Examples of the Doppelganger Genre include Dr. Jeckle and Mr. Hyde, Pride and Prejudice, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Sense and Sensibility, and Tweedledum and Tweedledee.
54 33

Erotic Literature
Erotic literature is sexy, and it is usually humorous. Examples of Erotic Humor include Fear of Flying, Leaves of Grass, Lolita, and Tom Jones, and others too numerous to mention.
54 34

Ethnic Literature Henry Louis Gates, and Signifying


In his 1988 The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African American Literary Criticism, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. says that because African American slaves were denied the use of normal and private communication, they developed double-entendre Trickster signifiers. Speakers would say something that meant one thing to whites and another to blacks. The humor comes from the realization that simultaneous messages are being communicated and that the authority figures (usually whites) understand only one message while the other participants comprehend both (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 258).
54 35

Vine Deloria
The title of Vine Delorias Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto is an example of a pan-Indian joke (especially meaningful only to tribal or family members).

Another example of a pan-Indian joke says that when the missionaries came, they had only the Bible, while the Indians had all the land. But now, They have all the land, and Indians have only the Bible. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008]: 258)
54 36

Fantasy Humor
Fantasy Humor requires a special suspension of disbelief, and includes the genre of Science Fiction.

Examples of Fantasy Humor include Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The Jungle Book, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Peter Pan, The Adventures of Walter Mitty, and The Wizard of Oz.
54 37

Farce: A Violent but Innocent Genre


Jessica Milner Davis says that whether it be English, medieval Dutch, Spanish, French, Viennese, Russian, improvised commedia dellarte, or even Japanese kygen of n theatre, farce is both the most violent and physically shocking of dramatic forms of comedy, but it is almost the most innocent in that unlike satire or burlesque it does not offend either individuals or society. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 264)
54 38

Davis continues, Equally paradoxically, farce is not particularly fantastic or unrealistic: indeed in terms of acting style, actors assert that the truthfulness-to-life of their character is absolutely essential for the release of laughter by the audience.
But the violence is highly stylized with precision of timing and intonation notoriously difficult to achieve. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 264)
54 39

GOTHIC HUMOR
Gothic Humor occurs in haunted houses or in mysterious caves. It is a dark and stormy night, and many of the sights and sounds are mysterious and threatening. Examples of Gothic Humor include Dracula, Frankenstein, The House of Usher, Northanger Abbey, The Langaliers, and Wuthering Heights.
54 40

Paul Lewis studied the role of gothic narratives, and was struck by the range of possible responses including puzzlement, fear, and humor and by the relation between these responses and gothic sub-genres including didactic gothic, speculative or ambiguous gothic, and mock-gothic.
Lewis argued that the eruption of fearful mysteries in a narrative is an essential generic element of the gothic. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 265)
54 41

Comedy vs. Tragedy High Comedy and Low Comedy


In the classical sense, the comedy isnt necessarily funny, but in contrast to the tragedy the comedy has a happy ending. High comedy (what we now call smart comedy or literary comedy) relies for its humor on wit and sophistication, while low comedy relies on burlesque, crude jokes, and buffoonery. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 246)
54 42

Phunny Phellows vs. Satirists Masks and Voices


Daniel Royot said that comedians don masks and borrow voices, and it is the interplay of such conflicting masks and voices that results in open or subtle incongruities. With only masks, the effect would be simply parodic, grotesque humor as is unfortunately too much of Jerry Lewiss stuff and that of other phunny phellows. On the other hand, if they use just voices without masks, the result is merely satirical. Royot then contrasts the visual humor of Mel Brooks with the satirical humor of Woody Allen. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 260)
54 43

Joe Sandwich and a Unified Theory of Humor In The Vale of Laughter, Peter De Vries has a character named Joe Sandwich who says, No single theory has yet managed to explain all varieties of mirth. Nine tenths of what we laugh at answers to Bergson, another nine tenths to Freud, still another to Kant or Plato, and so on, leaving always that elusive tenth that makes each definition like a woman trying to pack more into a girdle than it will legitimately hold. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 261)
54 44

Laughter and Literature


In correlating laughter with screen comedians, James Agee concluded that four of the main grades of laughter are the titter, the yowl, the belly laugh, and the buffo, which he organized into six categories ranging from the incipient or inner and inaudible laugh (the simper and smirk) to the loud and unrestrained howl, yowl, shriek, and Olympian laugh. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 260)

54

45

Agees study demonstrates an interesting crossover between literature and real-life because in a way it is measuring the care and the skill with which authors observe and record peoples actions. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 260)
54 46

METAMORPHOSIS HUMOR
Metamorphosis Humor always results in a miraculous transformation. Examples of Metamorphosis Humor include Faust, The Metamorphosis, My Fair Lady, Pinnochio, and Pygmalion.

54

47

PARODY
Parody mimics and exaggerates the style of the original. Examples of Parody include Byrons Don Juan, Fables for our Times, Humpty Dumpty la Poe, The Rape of the Lock and Lewis Carrolls Twinkle Twinkle, Little Bat.
54 48

Mark Twain and Doggerel Poetry


Julia Moores death poetry of the mid-1800s is an example of doggerel poetry. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain modeled his Ode to Stephen Bots, Decd on her work. Twain described her as having a rare organic talent for humor. She could make an intentionally humorous episode pathetic and an intentionally pathetic one funny. (Nilsens in Raskin 261-262)
54 49

THE PICARESQUE NOVEL


A Picaresque Novel is a mock quest done by a Picaro who doesnt have any money, power, or prestige. This Picaro lives by his wits as he encounters various powerful eccentrics in his episodic adventures. Examples of Picaresque Novels include Don Quixote, Huckleberry Finn, and Pickwick Papers.
54 50

There are six qualities that are associated with the picaresque novel:
1. The first-person account tells a part or the whole life of a rogue or picaro. 2. Rogues and picaros are drawn from a lower social level, are of loose character, and if employed, do menial labor and live by their wit and playful language. 3. Picaresque novels are episodic in nature.
54 51

4. Picaresque characters do not mature or develop. 5. The story is realistic. The language is plain (vernacular) and is filled with vivid detail. 6. Picaresque characters serve other higher class characters and learn their foibles and frailties, thus providing opportunities to satirize social castes, national types, and/or racial peculiarities. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 253)
54 52

POURQUOI STORIES
Pourquoi Stories explain how the world works. Examples of Pourquoi Stories include the Anansi Tales from Africa, and the Paul Bunyan and Pecos Bill stories from the United States.

54

53

VERNACULAR HUMOR
Vernacular Humor is written the way people actually talk, using colloquial language, and eye dialect, such as iz and wuz.

Examples of Vernacular Humor include Innocents Abroad, A Tramp Abroad, and anything written by Mark Twain or Charles Dickens, but nothing written by James Fennimore Cooper.
54 54

!Womens Humor Regina Barreca


Some of the titles of Regina Barrecas books show how teasing occurs between the sexes: They Used to Call Me Snow White, But I Drifted Perfect Husbands: and Other Fairy Tales Untamed and Unabashed: Essays on Women and Humor in British Literature
54 55

!Regina Barreca said, Womens lives have always been filled with humor. It emerged as a tool for survival in the social and professional jungles and works as a weapon against the absurdities of injustice.
Women did not suddenly get funny in the 1990s any more than women suddenly got ambitious in the 1970s or sexually aware in the 1960s or intelligent in the 1980s. (Nilsen in [Raskin] 2008: 259)

54

56

!!Wendy Wasserstein
Wendy Wasserstein said, When I speak up, its not because I have any particular answers; rather, I have a desire to puncture the pretentiousness of those who seem so certain they do. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008] 259)
54 57

!!!E. B. and Katherine White The Nature of Humor


Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the scientific mind.

Humor wont stand much blowing up, and it wont stand much poking. It has a certain fragility, and evasiveness, which one had best respect. Essentially it is a complete mystery. (Nilsens in Raskin [2008]: 243)
54 58

!!AMERICAN LITERATURE WEB SITES I


AMERICAN HUMOR STUDIES ASSOCIATION OF MLA (DAVID SLOANE): http://www.newhaven.edu/UNH/Special/AHSA/AHSAHomePage.htm SANDRA CISNEROS: http://www.sandracisneros.com/flash/books/books_05_front.html JACK GANTOS: http://www.jackgantos.com/jackgantos_print.html LIT TRIPS ON GOOGLE EARTH: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPiiAqXKy3g&faeture=related LOST: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cZy8SGLkQk PHILIP ROTH SOCIETY (DEREK ROYAL) http://rothsociety.org

54

59

J. K. ROWLING: http://www.jkrowling.com/ LEMONY SNICKET: http://www.lemonysnicket.com/VileVideos/video1.html ART SPIEGELMAN: http://lambiek.net/artists/s/spiegelman.htm TROPING: http://www.tvtropes.org

YA-LIT WEB QUESTS: http://www.asu.edu/clas/english/englished/yalit/webquest.htm

54

60

Related PowerPoints
Gallows Humor Irony Paradox Parody Poetry Satire
54 61

References: Altschuler, Glenn C., and Patrick M. Burns. Snarlin Carlin: The Odyssey of a Libertarian. Studies in American Humor 3.2 (2009): 42-57. Ammons, Elizabeth, and Annette White-Park. Tricksterism in Turn-of-the Century American Literature. Hanover, NY: Tufts University Press, 1994. Antonopoulou, Eleni. A Cognitive Approach to Literary Humour Devices: Translating Raymond Chandler, in Vandaele, 235-257. Attardo, Salvatore. Humor and Irony in Interaction: From Mode Adoption to Failure of Detection. in Say Not to Say: New Perspectives on Miscommunication Eds. Luigi Anolli, Rita Ciceri, and Giuseppe Riva. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press, 2002, 159-179. Attardo, Salvatore. Irony as Relevant Inappropriateness. Journal of Pragmatics 32 (2000): 793-826. Attardo, Salvatore. Irony Markers and Functions: Towards a GoalOriented Theory of Irony and Its Processing, in Rask 12 (2000): 3-20.
54 62

Baker, Russell. Russell Bakers Book of American Humor. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 1993.
Barber, C. L. Shakespeares Festive Comedy: A Study of Dramatic Form and Its Relation in Social Custom. Cleveland, OH: Meridian Books, 1966.

Barreca, Regina. They Used to Call Me Snow White, But I Drifted. New York, NY: Viking, 1991.
Barreca, Regina. Perfect Husbands: and Other Fairy Tales. New York, NY: Harmony Books, 1993.

Barreca, Regina. Untamed and Unabashed: Essays on Women and Humor in British Literature. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1994.
Barreca, Regina. The Penguin Book of Womens Humor. New York, NY: Penguin, 1996. Barreca, Regina, ed. Last Laughs: Perspectives on Women and Comedy. New York, NY: New York, NY: Gordon and Breach, 1988.

54

63

Barreca, Regina, ed. New Perspectives on Women and Comedy. Philadelphia, PA: Gordon and Breach, 1992. Bennett, Barbara. Comic Visions, Female Voices: Contemporary Women Novelists and Southern Humor. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1998.

Benston, Alice N. Portia, the Law, and the Tripartite Structure of The Merchant of Venice. Shakespaere Quarterly 30.3 (1979): 367-385.
Berkove, Lawrence. Twains Rhetorical Bag of Tricks. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 27-42. Bier, Jesse. The Rise and Fall of American Humor. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968. Bird, John. Mark Twain: Citizen of the World. Studies in American Humor 3.2 (2009): 85-97. Birden, Lorene M. Frank and Unconscious Humor and Narrative Structure in Anne Bronts The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 24.3 (2011): 263-286.
54 64

Blair, Walter. Davy Crocket: Legendary Frontier Hero: His True Life Story and the Fabulous Tall Tales Told about Him. Springfield, IL: Lincoln-Herndon Press, 1986. Blair, Walter. Horse Sense in American Humor from Benjamin Franklin to Ogden Nash. New York, NY: Russell and Russell, 1942.

Blair, Walter. Native American Humor 1800-1900. New York, NY: American Book Company, 1937.
Blair, Walter, with Hamlin Hill. Americas Humor: From Poor Richard to Doonesbury. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1978. Blair, Walter, with Raven McDavid Jr. The Mirth of a Nation: Americas Great Dialect Humor. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1983. Blake, Ann. The Comedy of Othello. The Critical Review 15 (1972): 46-51.

Blasingame, James. The Graveyard Book. English Journal 99.2 (2009): 8384.

54

65

Blount, Roy, ed. Roy Blounts Book of Southern Humor. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 1994. Boatright, Mody C. Folk Laughter on the American Frontier. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1994. Botkin, B. A. A Treasury of American Folklore. New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 1944. Bruns, John. Loopholes: Reading Comically. Edison, NJ: Transaction, 2009. Brunvand, Jan Harold. A Classification for Shaggy Dog Stories. The Journal of American Folklore January, 1963, 42-68. Bryant, Gregory A., and Jean E. Fox Tree. Is There an Ironic Tone of Voice? Language and Speech 48 (2005): 257-277. Bryant, J. A. Shakespeare and the Uses of Comedy. Lexington, KY: The University of Kentucky, 1986.

54

66

Budd, Louis J., and Edwin H. Cady, eds. The Best from American Literature. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992.
Campbell, Oscar James. Shakespeares Satire. London, England: Oxford University Press, 1943.

Camfield, Gregg. Necessary Madness: The Humor of Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Camfield, Gregg. Sentimental Twain: Samuel Clemens in the Maze of Moral Philosophy. Philadelplhia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. Carlson, Richard S. The Benign Humorists. New York, NY: Archon, 1975.

54

67

Caron, James E. Why Literary Comedians Mislabels Two Comic Writers, George Derby (John Phoenix) and Sam Clemens (Mark Twain). Studies in American Humor NS 3.22 (2010): 43-68.
Cerf, Bennet, ed. An Encyclopedia of Modern American Humor. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1954. Charney, Maurice, ed. Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide, Volumes I and II. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. Clark, William Bedford, and W. Craig Turner. Critical Essays on American Humor. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1984. Coats, Karen. Between Horror, Humour, and Hope: Neil Gaiman and the Psychic Work of the Gothic. The Gothic in Childrens Literature: Haunting the Borders. Ed. Anna Jackson, Karen Coats, and Roderick McGillis. New York, NY: 2008, 77-92.

Cohen, Sarah Blacher. Comic Relief: Humor in Contemporary American Literature. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1978.

54

68

Cohen, Sarah Blacher. Jewish Wry: Essays on Jewish Humor. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1987. Colston, Herbert. Contrast and Assimilation in Verbal Irony. Journal of Pragmatics 34.2 (2002): 111-142. Colston, Herbert, and J. OBrien. Contrast and Pragmatics in Figurative Language: Anything Understatement can do, Irony can do Better. Journal of Pragmatics 32.11 (2000): 1557-1583. Conroy, Terry, and David E. E. Sloane. A True Story Confirmed: How a Slave Mother Found Her Son Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 147-154. Corrigan, Robert W., ed. Comedy: Meaning and Form. San Francisco, CA: Chandler Publishing, 1965. Courtney, Steve. Hartfords Elia. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 115-129.

54

69

Cowan, Louise. The Terrain of Comedy Dallas, TX: Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture, 1984. Cox, James. Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966. Culler, Jonathan, ed. On Puns: The Foundation of Letters. New York, NY: Blackwell, 1988. Curc, Carmen. Irony, Negation, Echo and Metarepresentation. Lingua 100.4 (2000: 257-280. Daemmrich, Ingrid G. The Cyclical Seasons of Humor in Literature. HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 3-4 (1990): 415-134.

Daniell, David. Shakespeare and the Traditions of Comedy. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies. Ed. Stanley Wells. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
54 70

Davis, Jessica Milner. Farce. London, England: Transaction Publishers, 2005. Davis, Jessica Milner. Farce: Rebellion, Revenge and Realpolitik. Edison, NJ: Transaction Books, 2002. Davis, Jessica Milner. Kygen as Comic Relief: The Structure, Style and Comic Typology of Classical Kygen Plays from the Isumi and kura Schools. Australian Journal of Comedy 7.1 (2001). Deloria, Vine, Jr. Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. Denvir, John. William Shakespare and the Jurisprudence of Comedy. Stanford Law Review 39.4 (1987): 825-849.

54

71

Drennan, Robert E., ed. The Algonquin Wits: A Crackling Collection of Bons Mots, Wisecracks, Epigrams, and Gags. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1983. Dudden, Arthur. American Humor. New York, NY: Oxford University Pres, 1987.

Eisterhold, Jodi, Salvatore Attardo, and Diana Boxer. Reactions to Irony in Discourse: Evidence for the Least Disruption Principle. Journal of Pragmatics 38.8 (2006): 1239-1256.
Falk, Robert. American Literature in Parody: A Collection of Parody, Satire, and Literary Burlesque of American Writers Past and Present. New York, NY: Twayne, 1955. Feinberg, Leonard. Introduction to Satire. Ames, IA: The Iowa State University Press, 2nd Edition. Santa Fe, NM: Pilgrims Process, 2008. Feinberg, Leonard. The Satirist. Ames, IA: The Iowa State University Press, 1964. Finney, Gail, ed. Look Whos Laughing: Gender and Comedy. Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach, 1994.
54 72

Flashner, Graham. Fun with Woody: The Complete Woody Allen Quiz Book. New York, NY: Holt, 1987. Flescher, Jacqueline. The Language of Nonsense in Alice. Yale French Studies 43 (1969): 128-144. Fletcher, M. D. Contemporary Political Satire: Narrative Strategies in the PostModern Context. New York, NY: University Press of America, 1987. Foakes, R. A. Voices of Maturity in Shakespeares Comedies. London, England, 1972. Folgado, Vicente Lpez . A Musical Comedy without Music.: P. G. Wodehouses Sense of Humour. Dimensions of Humor: Explorations in Lilnguistics, Literature, Cultural Studies and Translation. Ed. Carmen Valero-Garcs. Valncia, Spain: Universitat de Valncia, 2010, 55-78. Fowkes, Katherine A. From Gender to Genre: Blake Edwards Rollercoaster of Comedy. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 191-200.

Fowler, Dorreen, and Ann J. Abadie, eds. Faulkner and Humor. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1986.

54

73

Friedman, Bruce J., ed. Black Humor. New York, NY: Bantam, 1965. Frye, Northrop. The Argument of Comedy. English Institute Essays. Ed. D. A. Robertson. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1949. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957. Gale, Stephen. Encyclopedia of American Humorists. New York, NY: Garland, 1988. Gale, Stephen. Encyclopedia of British Humorists. New York, NY: Garland, 1994. Galianes, Cristina Larkin. Relevance Theory, Humour and the Narrative Structure of Humorous Novels. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 13 (2000): 95-106.

Galianes, Cristina Larkin, Funny Fiction: Or, Jokes and Their Relation to the Humorous Novel. Poetics Today 26.1 (2005): 79-111.

54

74

Galligan, E. The Comic Vision in Literature. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984. Galloway, David. The Absurd Hero in American Fiction: Updike, Styron, Bellow, Sallinger, 2nd Edition. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1981. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African American Literary Criticism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1988. Geismar, Maxwell. Ring Lardner and the Portrait of Folly. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972. Gibbs, Raymond W. Irony in Talk among Friends. Metaphor and Symbol 15 (2000): 5-27. Gibbs, Raymond W., and Herbert L. Colston, eds. Irony in Language and Thought. New York, NY: Lawrence Earlbaum, 2007. Grauer, Neil A. Remember Laughter: A Life of James Thurber. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.

54

75

Grawe, Paul H. Comedy in Space, Time and the Imagination. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, 1983. Graybill, Mark S. Faulkners Self-Reflexive Humor. Studies in American Humor New Series 3.23 (2011): 7-29. Gurewitch, Morton. The Ironic Temper and the Comic Imagination. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1994. Hans, Julia. Landy Goshen! Here comes a whole troop them city boarders: May Isabel Fisk and the Art of the Comic Monologue. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 129-146. Harris, Charles B. Contemporary American Novelists of the Absurd. New Haven, CT: College and University Press, 1971. Hayden, Bradley. In Memoriam Humor: Julia Moore and the Western Michigan Poets. English Journal 72.5 (1983): 22-28. Hill, Hamliln, and Walter Blair. Americas Humor: from Poor Richard to Doonesbury. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1978. Hogan, Walter. Humor in Young Adult Literature: A Time to Laugh. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005.
54

76

Hudson, Barbara. Sociolinguistic Analysis of Dialogues and First-Person Narratives in Fiction, in Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th Edition. Eds. Virginia Clark, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa. New York, NY: St. Martins Press, 1998, 740-748. Hunt, Leigh. Wit and Humour. London, England: Smith, Elder and Col, 1846. Hutcheon, Linda. A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York, NY: Methuen, 1985. Hynes, William J., and William G. Doty, eds. Mythical Trickster Figures: Contours, Contexts, and Criticisms. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1993. Inge, M. Thomas. The Frontier Humorists: Critical Views. New York, NY: Archon, 1975.

Inge, M. Thomas. One Universal Priceless Trait: American Humor. American Studies International 25.1 (1987): 28-45.

54

77

Inge, M. Thomas. Perspectives on American Culture: Essays on Humor, Literature, and the Popular Arts. Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, 1994. Inge, M. Thomas, and Ed Piacentino, eds. Southern Frontier Humor: An Anthology. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2010. Johansen, Ruthann Knechel. The Narrative Secret of Flannery OConnor: The Trickster as Interpreter. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 1994. Jurich, Marilyn. Sheherazades Sisters: Trickster Heroines and Their Stories in World Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998.

Kehl, Del G. Thalia Pops Her Girdle: Humor in the Novels of Peter De Vries. Studies in American Humor. February, 1983: 184-189.
Kehl, Del G. Humor of the New Southwest in the Fiction of Larry McMurtry. Southwestern American Literature Spring, 1989: 20-32. Kehl, Del G. Varieties of Risible Experience: Grades of Laughter and their Function in Modern American Literature. HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 13.4 (2000): 379-394.

54

78

Kehl, Del G. Thalia Does the Charleston: Humor in the Fiction of F. Scott Fitzgerald. in F. Scott Fitzgerald in the Twenty-first Century Eds. Jackson R. Bryer, Ruth Prigozy, and Milton R. Stern. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2003, 202-222. Kelly, Fred C. George Ade: Warmhearted Satirist. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1947. Keough, William. Punchlines: The Violence of American Humor. New York, NY: Paragon House, 1966.

Kharpertian, Theodore D. A Hand to Turn the Time: The Menippean Satires of Thomas Pynchon. London, England: Associated University Press, 1990.
Kiley, Frederick, and J. M. Shuttleworth, eds. Satire: From Aesop to Buchwald. New York, NY: Odyssey/Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.

54

79

Kiley, Frederick, and Walter McDonald. A Catch-22 Casebook. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1973. Kingsbury, Melilnda Spencer. Kates Forward Humor: Historicizing Affect in The Taming of the Shrew. South Atlantic Review 69.1 (2004): 61-84. Kotthoff, Helga. Responding to Irony in Different Contexts: On Cognition in Conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 35 (2003): 1387-1411. Larkin Galianes, Cristina. How to Tackle Humour in Literary Narratives. in Dimensions of Humor: Exlorations in Linguistics, Literature, Cultural Studies and Translation. Ed. Carmen Valero Garcs. Valncia, Spain: Universitat de Valncia, 2010, 199-224. Leacock, Stephen, ed. The Greatest Pages of American Humor. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1936. Leacock, Stephen, ed. Humor and Humanitiy. New York, NY: Henry Holt, 1938. Lee, Judith Yaross. The Years Work in American Humor Studies, 2009. Studies in American Humor New Series 3.23 (2011): 81-112.
54 80

Levin, Harry, ed. Veins of Humor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972. Levy, Barbara. Ladies Laughing: Wit as Control in Contemporary American Women. New York, NY: Gordon and Breach, 1997. Lewis, Paul. Comic Effects: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Humor and Literature. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989. Lewis, Paul. Mysterious Laughter: Humor and Fear in Gothic Fiction. Genre 14 (1981): 309-327.

Lewis, Paul. Poes Humor: A Psychological Analysis. Studies in Short Fiction 27 (1989): 531-546.
Lpez Folgado, Vicente. A Musical Comedy without Music: P. G. Wodehouses Sense of Humour. in Dimensions of Humor: Exlorations in Linguistics, Literature, Cultural Studies and Translation. Ed. Carmen Valero Garcs. Valncia, Spain: Universitat de Valncia, 2010, 53-76. Lynn, Kenneth, ed. The Comic Tradition in America: An Anthology of American Humor. New York, NY: Norton, 1968.
54 81

Lynn, Kenneth. Mark Twain and Southwestern Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1959. MacDonald, Dwight, ed. Parodies: An Anthology from Chaucer to BeerbohmAnd After. New York, NY: Random House, 1960. McAndrews, Kristin M. Wrangling Women: Humor and Gender in the American West. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 2006. McIntire-Strasburg, Janice. Sivilizing Humor: The Evolution of Mark Twains Library of Humor. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 1126. Martin, Gretchen. Staging Southern Manhood: Masquerade Culture and the Masks of Masculinity. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 179184. Matthews, Charles. Satire in the Alice Books. Criticism 12 (1970): 105-119. Meredith, George. An Essay on Comedy. in Comedy Ed. Wylie Sypher. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 3-60.

54

82

Mey, Jacob. Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001. Mintz, Lawrence E., ed. Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988. Muir, Frank. Oxford Book of Humorous Prose: From William Caxton to P. G. Wodehouse, A Conducted Tour by Frank Muir. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1990. Nickels, Cameron C. Civil War Humor. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2010. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Encyclopedia of 20th Century American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood/Oryx Press, 2000. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen.Irony. Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide (Co-Author: Alleen Pace Nilsen). Ed. Maurice Charney. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood Press, 2005, 394-409. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Literature and Humor in Raskin 243-280.
54 83

Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Names for Fun: M. E. Kerr, Gary Paulsen, Louis Sachar, and Polly Horvath. in Names and Naming in Young Adult Literature. Eds. Alleen and Don Nilsen. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2007, 1-22. Nilsen, Don L. F. The Graveyard Book. The Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 53.1 (2009): 79-80. Nilsen, Don L. F. Humor in American Literature: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. New York, NY: Garland, 1992. Nilsen, Don L. F. Humor in British Literature from the Middle Ages to the Restoration: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. Nilsen, Don L. F. Humor in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century British Literature: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. Nilsen, Don L. F. Humor in Irish Literature: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Nilsen, Don L. F. Humor in Twentieth-Century British Literature: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000.
54 84

Novak, William, and Moshe Waldoks, eds. The Big Book of Jewish Humor. New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1981. Novak, William, and Moshe Waldoks, eds. The Big Book of New American Humor: The Best of the Past 25 Years. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 1990.

Olsen, Lance. Circus of the Mind in Motion: Postmodernism and the Comic Vision. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1990.
Perret, Marion D. Petruchio: The Model Wife. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 23.2 (1983): 223-235. Piacentino, Ed. Editors Note. Studies in American Humor New Series 3.23 (2011): 5-7.

54

85

Piacentino, Ed. Two Perspectives on Racial Oppression: Doesticks and Mark Twain. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 69-90.
Pifano, Diana. Igor Delgado Seniors Epopeya Malandra: A Study of Parody and Humor in Literature. in Dimensions of Humor: Exlorations in Linguistics, Literature, Cultural Studies and Translation. Ed. Carmen Valero Garcs. Valncia, Spain: Universitat de Valncia, 2010, 225-244. Pinsker, Sanford. The Graying of Black Humor. Studies in the 20th Century 9 (1972): 15-33. Pollard, Arthur. Satire. London, England: Methuen, 1970. Praeger, Charles. 20th-Century Humor. New York, NY: Viking Press, 1978.

54

86

Pratt, Alan R., ed. Black Humor: Critical Essays. New York, NY: Garland, 1993. Pughe, Thomas. Comic Sense: Reading Robert Coover, Stanley Elkin, Philip Roth. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 1994. Raskin, Victor, ed. Primer of Humor Research. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter, 2008. Raskin, Victor. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1985. Redfern, Walter. Puns. New York, NY: Blackwell, 1984. Richler, Mordecai, ed. The Best of Modern Humor. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.

54

87

Rohman, Chad. Mark Twains A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court: Serio-Comic and Carnival Prospects Unfulfilled. Studies in American Humor 3.2 (2009): 21-41.
Romine, Scott. Recovering C. M. Haile, Antebellum Humorist. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 185-190. Rozett, Martha Tuck. Othello, and the Comic Tradition. Bulletin of Research in the Humanities 85 (1982): 386-411. Rourke, Constance. American Humor: A Study of the National Character. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University Press, 1931. Royot, Daniel. How the West was Spoofed: Manifest Rascality and Revels with a Cause, From Yankee Homorists to Literary Comedians. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 155-178. Royot, Daniel. LHumour Amrican: Des Puritains aux Yankees. Lyon, France: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1980. Rubin, Louis D., Jr., ed. The Comic Imagination in American Literature. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983.
54 88

Ruiz Moneva, Angeles. Irony in Relevance Theory: Recurrent Features, Critical Stances and Possible Trends. The Atlantic Literary Review 2.1 (2001): 161-189.
Safer, Elaine B. The Contemporary American Comic Epic: The Novels of Barth, Pynchon, Gaddis, and Kesey. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1988. Safer, Elaine B. Mocking the Age: The Later Novels of Philip Roth. New York, NY: State University of New York Press, 2006. Schmitz, Neil. Of Huck and Alice: Humorous Writing in American Literature. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1983. Schulz, Max F. Black Humor Fiction of the Sixties. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1973. Schuster, Charles. Mikhail Bakhtin as Rhetorical Theorist. Landmark Essays on Bakhtin, Rhetoric, and Writing, Ed. Frank Farmer. Mahway, NJ: Hermaoras Press, 1998, 1-12.

54

89

Schwoebel, J., S. Dews, E. Winner, and K. Srinivas. Obligatory Processing of the Literal Meaning of Ironic Utterances: Further Evidence. Metaphor and Symbol 15 (2000): 47-61. Shalit, Gene. Laughing Matters: A Celebration of American Humor. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1987.
Shelley, Cameron. The Bicoherence Theory of Situational Irony. Cognitive Science 25.5 (2001): 775-818.
Shloss, Carol. Flannery OConnors Dark Comedies. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1980. Sloane, David E. E. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: American Comic Vision. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1988. Sloane, David E. E. American Humor Magazines and Comic Periodicals. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987. Sloane, David E. E. Literary Comedians, Literary Comedy, and Mark Twain. Special issue of Studies in American Humor 3.22 (2010) 1-203.

54

90

Sloane, David E. E. The Literary Humor of the Urban Northeast, 1830-1890. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1983.
Sloane, David E. E. Mark Twain and Literary Comedy. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 7-10. Sloane, David E. E. Mark Twain as a Literary Comedian. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1979. Sloane, David E. E. Mark Twains Humor: Critical Essays. Hamden, CT: Garland, 1993. Sloane, David E. E. New Directions in American Humor. Birmingham, AL: Univ of Alabama Press, 1998.
54 91

Sloane, David E. E. A Wide Perspective on Humor: A Primer for Humor Research. Studies in American Humor NS3.2 (2009): 110-116.
Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. The Encyclopedia of Satirical Literature. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1996. Sonnichsen, C. L. The Laughing West: Humorous Western Fiction, Past and Present. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1988. Spacks, Patricia Meyer. Logic and Language in Through the Looking-Glass. Etc. 18.1 (1961):

Spalding, Henry D. Encyclopedia of Jewish Humor: From Biblical Times to the Modern Age. New York, NY: Jonathan David, 1969.
54 92

Spalding, Henry D. Joys of Jewish Humor. New York, NY: Jonathan David, 1985. Stephenson, Mimosa. Humor in Uncle Toms Cabin. Studies in American Humor 3.2 (2009): 4-20. Sypher, Wyllie, ed. Comedy. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1956.

Thompson, Todd Nathan. Slavery, Stereotypes, and Satire: Laughing Fit to Kill. Studies in American Humor 3.2 (2009): 98-109.
Tillman, Aaron. Through the Rube Goldberg Carzy Straw: Ethnic Mobility and Narcissistic Fantasy in Sarah Silverman: Jesus Is Magic. Studies in American Humor 3.2 (2009): 58-84.
54 93

Tilton, John W. Cosmic Satire in the Contemporary Novel. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1927. Trachtenberg, Stanley, ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 11: American Humorists. Detroit, MI: Bruccoli Clark/Gale Research, 1982. Triezenberg, Katrina E. Humor Enhancers in the Study of Humorous Literature. HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 17.4 (2004): 411-418. Triezenberg, Katrina E. Humor in Literature in Raskin (2008) 523-542. Ulea, V. A Concept of Dramatic Genre and the Comedy of New Type: Chess, Literature, and the Film. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, 2002. Utsumi, Akira. Verbal Irony as Implicit Display of Ironic Environment: Distinguishing Ironic Utterances from Non-Irony. Journal of Pragmatics 32.12 (2000): 1777-1806.

54

94

Vandaele, Jeroen, ed. Humour and Translation. Special Issue of The Translator 8.2, 2002.
Walker, Nancy, and Zita Dresner. Redressing the Balance: American Womens Literary Humor from Colonial Times to the 1980s. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. Wallace, Ronald. No Harm in Smiling: Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1979. Watkins, Mel. On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1994. Watts, Robert. The Comic Scenes in Othello. Shakespeare Quarterly 19 (1968): 349-354.
54 95

Wechsler, Robert. Columbus la Mode: Parodies of Contemporary American Writers. North Haven, CT: Catbird Press, 1993.
Weisenberger, Steven. Fables of Subversion/Satire and the American Novel 1930-1980. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1995. Wernblad, Annette. Brooklyn Is Not Expanding: Woody Allens Comic Universe. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1992.

White, E. B., and Katherine S. White. A Subtreasury of American Humor. New York, NY: Coward-McCann, 1941.
Winston, Mathew. Humour Noir and Black Humor. in Veins of Humor in Levin (1972): 269-284.

54

96

Wood, James. The Irresponsible Self: On Laughter and the Novel. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004.
Wuster, Tracy. The Great American Humorists: Mark Twain, Artemus Ward, and American Humour in England. Studies in American Humor NS3.22 (2010): 91-128. Yacowar, Maurice. Loser Take All: The Comic Art of Woody Allen. New York, NY: Frederick Ungar, 1982. Yan, Gao. The Art of Parody: Maxine Hong Kingstons Use of Chinese Sources. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 1996. Yus Ramos, Francisco. On Reaching the Intended Ironic Interpretation. International Journal of Communication 10.1-2 (2000): 27-78. Ziv, Avner, ed. Jewish Humor. Tel lAviv, Israel: Papyrus, 1986.

54

97

Anda mungkin juga menyukai