TRANSPOTATION SECTOR

INTRODUCTION
Indias transport sector is large and diverse; it caters to the needs of 1.1 billion people. In 2007, the sector contributed about 5.5 percent to the nations GDP, with road transportation contributing the lions share. In the year 2012 the GDP rate has been increased to 6.4%
Good physical connectivity in the urban and rural areas is essential for economic growth. Since the early 1990s, India's growing economy has witnessed a rise in demand for transport infrastructure and services.

Types of transportation
1.Road way 2.Railway

3.Airway
4.Waterway

 Structure, current status & reforms in

road,rail,water and air transportation

SECTO R ROAD STRUCTURE CURRENT STATUS REFORMS PRAVATE AND PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP IN BUILDING OWNING,OPERATING AND TRANSFERING OF ROADS AND BRIDEGES PRIVITISATION OF RAIWAYS SERVICE MOVE TOWORDS UNIGAUGE SYSTEM .AND DIESEL ENGINES TYPES :NATIONAL LENGTH OF /STATE/DISTRICT DEFFERENT TYEPS OF HIGHWAYS AND ROADS VILLAGE ROAD

RAIL

TYPES:NARROW METAR AND INERNATIONAL

LENGTH OF DEFFERENT TYEPS RAILS PASSENGER AND GOODS TRAFFIC

AIR

TYPES:DOMESTIC & INTERNATIONAL

TYPES: INLAND & OVERSEAS

NUMBER OF AIRLINE COMPANIES , PASENGER AND CARGO TRAFFIC

PASSANGER AND CARGO TRAFFIC

PRIVITISATION IN DOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORT : JET AND SAHARA

PRIVATE AND PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP IN BUILDING, OWNING OPERATING AND TRANSFERING OF PORTS

WATER

Nature of transportation
1. REACH :- In India, roadways railways share the major

responsibility in connecting the rural part of the country or most remote areas of the country
2. INCOME LEVEL:-The income level of travelers to a great

extent determines the mode of transport they chosen.

1. UNSTABLE DEMAND:-The demand for particular mode

of transport depends on the income level of the customer , seasons and purpose of travel

4)PERISHABILITY:-The product of the three modes of transportation are highly perishable in nature a seat on a bus, train or airline, is perishable if it is not utilized on a particular trip 5)CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR:-The consumer behavior depends

highly on their income level and the purpose of their travel

SCOPE OF TRANSPORTARION SECTOR

1. WIDE EMPLOYMENT OPPORUNITIES:-The scope of

travelling in is truly immense in the last six years, it has created 11 million jobs and has the potential to create another 37 million jobs.
2. INTRENET:-The internet has also added a new dimension to

the business of travel with websites being used as a primary source of information and booking
3. CONTRBIUTES TO GDP:-The travel and tourism industry

in India accounts for 5.9 per cent GDP

4)EXPECTED GROWTH OF CNG:-Currently, it is estimated that the transportation sector uses up than 2% per cent of the natural gas In the country.

5)COMPETITVE EDGE:-Today the Indian customer standard

and the level of expectation have gone up dramatically.

6)UPLIFTMENT OF CARGO INDUSTRY:- The domestic

express cargo industry and safe delivery of cargo like documents, Domestics market express cargo mkt is the than 400 cr the current rate of growth is in a region of a healthy 35% per annum.

Challenges

1) Indias roads are congested and of poor quality. Lane capacity is low most national highways are two lanes or less. A quarter of all India's highways are congested. Many roads are of poor quality and road maintenance remains under-funded - only around one-third of maintenance needs are met. This leads to the deterioration of roads and high transport

costs for users.

2) Rural areas have poor access. Roads are significant for the development of the rural areas - home to almost 70 percent of India's population. Although the rural road network is extensive, some 33 percent of Indias villages do not have access to all-weather roads and remain cut off during the monsoon

3)Urban centres are severely congested. In Mumbai, Delhi and

other metropolitan centers, roads are often severely congested

during the rush hours. The dramatic growth in vehicle ownership during the past decade - has reduced rush hour speeds especially in the central areas of major cities. 4)Ports are congested and inefficient. Port traffic has more than doubled during the 1990s, touching 650 million tons in 200607. This is expected to grow further to about 900 million tons

by 2011-12. India's ports need to significantly ramp up their

capacity and efficiency to meet this surging demand.

Roadways.

India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Roads have been existence since ancient times. Ashoka and Chandergupta made great efforts to build roads. Sher Shah Suri built the Grand Trunk Road from Kolkata in the east to Peshawar in the west across the Indo-Gangetic Plains.

IMPORTANCE OF ROADS
1. 2. 3.

Roads are suitable for short distance travels and traffic movement. Construction and maintenance of roads are cheap and easy. Loading and unloading of goods in trucks involves less amount of money.

 NETWORKS OF ROADS IN INDIA

The total length of roads in the country of about 25lakhs K.M. Of

these 57% are surfaced roads. Roads in India are grouped into 7 categories on the basis of their construction and maintenance.
1. 2.

National Highways Freeways Highways

3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

International Highways
State Highways District Roads Village Roads Border Roads

 NATIONAL HIGHWAYS The national highways connect one state to another and are of national

importance. These roads are constructed and maintained by the central

government. There are about 52000K.M of national highways. They carried 45% of total road traffic.

In order to meet the requirement of fast traffic Freeways National

Highways have been planned. 4 to 6 lane National Highways of 14846 K.M distance are proposed to be constructed during the period 1991-

2001. These are named as:

GOLDEN QUADILATERAL connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,

Calcutta will have a length of 5846 K.M

NORTH-SOUTH AND EAST-WEST CORRIDORS connecting

Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchur to Porbander, will have a length of 7300 K.M

 MAJOR NATIONAL HIGHWAYS IN INDIA

S.NO. Name of Highways Cities Connected by Them Calcutta, Delhi, Patna & Amritsar Calcutta, Nagpur & Mumbai Agra, Gwallior, Indore & Mumbai Calcutta, Cuttack & Chennai Pathankot, Dalhousie Mirzapur, Nagpur &

Grand Truck Road

2 3 4 5 6

Calcutta-Mumbai Road Agra-Mumbai Road Calcutta-Chennai Road Pathankot-Dalhousie Road Great Kadan Road

Major problems faced by our Road Transport are as follow

(i)

Road network in India is inadequate, in comparison to the

passengers and traffic handled by them. (ii) 43% of the roads are unsurfaced. They become in operational

during rainy season.

(iii) Length and width of the National Highways are inadequate. They are highly congested in cities. Their bridges and culverts are narrow (iv) Road side amenities like drinking water, telephones facilities

to meet accidental and looting emergencies, like police protection

and health services are poor

 RAILWAYS

The Railways are the main artery of inland transport in India. The railways are 150 years old in India. The first train moved between Mumbai and Thane in 1854. The total length

of railways is about 63,000 km. India has the second largest

railway network in Asia. The Indian railways carry 40,000 lakh passengers and 4,000 lakh tones of goods a year. It is the largest public sector undertaking of country.

India has a network of 6867 station spread over a route

length of 61,579 km. The length of running track is 107, 9694.

About 23% of the route is electrified.

 Railways Network in India

1. Route Length 2. Railway stations 3. Railway Engines

: : :

63028 km 6867km 7517 km

4. Coaches
5. Wagons 6. Running Track 7. Electrified Track

:
: : :

36510 km
2, 44,519 km 1, 07,969 km 15127 km

Importance

Indian railways carry most of long distances passenger traffic and 80% of total freight.

Indian railways provide employment to a huge number of

people in the country.

They also provide mail services.
They carry big chunks of goods from place of production to

ports and vice-versa.

Iron and steel industries based upon railways as they transport

raw materials and finished products from one place to another.

Water Transport

Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. These are

most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. India has inland navigable waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these, only 3700 km are navigable by mechanized boats.

National Waterways
Government of India has declared the following inland

waterways as national waterways

The Ganga River between Allahabad and Haldia covering a

distance of 1620 km.

The Brahmputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)

 The west coast canal between kollam and kottapuram covering a distance of

168 km.
The Champakara canal covering a distance of 14 km.

The Vdyogmandal canal covering a distance of 22 km

Major Sea Ports

About 7500 km long coast line of India is served by 12 major and 181 medium and minor seaports. The major ports handle over 90% of Indias foreign trade. The major ports handle about 15,000 cargo vessels per annum. 70 percent of cargo handled at these sea ports is for overseas trade. Our ports handle more imports than exports. Coastwise distribution of major seaports is as follow:

Seaports located at west coast At East coast

1 2 3 4

Kandla Mumbai Jawaharlal Lal Nehru Mormugao

Tuti corin Chennai Ennore Vishakhapatnam

Mangalore

Puradip

Kochi

Haldia

Problems of the ports

1.Mismatch between existing capacity and demand for traffic. 2.Creation of capacity of the ports is not planned. 3.Indian ports continue to show lower productivity in comparison

to efficient ports in the Asian region in terms of labour and

equipment

AIR TRANSPORT

AIR TRANSPORT

Airways provide the fastest mode of transport but they are very
costly. For remote hostile and inaccessible areas, airways are the best means of transport. In 1953, air transport was nationalized. Now-a-days four air services are in operation. 1. Air India

2.
3. 4.

Private Air Lines

Pawanhans Helicopters Indian Airlines and Alliance air

International airports handle air traffic between the world and India. Thirteen international airports are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Delhi Mumbai Chennai Kolkata Amritsar Ahmedabad Punji 8. Kochi 9.Hyderabad 10.Guwahati 11.Bangalore 12.Thriuvananthapuram 13.Sri Nagar

PROBLEMS OF AIR TRANSPORT IN INDIA 1.There are a small number of industrial and business centres as compared to the size of the country. 2.Heavy goods cant be transported from one place to another by aero planes. 3.The cost of aviation petrol is very high resulting in the high cost of operation and making air travel beyond the reach of middle classes. 4.The components and spare parts of the aero planes are imported from other countries. This has impeded the growth of civil aviation of the country.

The role of Transport Network in the Development of India

1. Life Lines of the country: - Modern means of transport

provide a helping hand in maintaining the sovereignty and economic unity of a nation. In India, central govt. controls National Highways and the Railways directly. They act as the arteries of our land transport network. They are all real life lines of our nation. 2. Transportation: - Transport network carries food grains and various manufactured goods from place of origin to place of consumption. They bring industrial raw materials, power fuels live coal and mineral oil at the site of industrial units. 3. Turning of local market into national market: Transport network turns local markets of previous day into national market of today. Ships carry exportable surpluses to other countries and import goods of our requirements.

 5. National integration of the country: - Aircrafts and

helicopters services make the people on High Himalaya; the North-East India feel to be the part and parcel of India. Air transport brings immediate and distant neighbours closer to eachother in the present world of Trade and Commerce. 6. Cultural Integration: - Transport Network begins people of different castes, creeds, colours, religions, languages and regions nearer to one another. They act, react and interact with one another. Thus transport network helps in the cultural and national integration of the country. 4. Help in development of economy: The branch roads, the feeder railway lines and inland waterways fulfil local needs of inner regions. Thus they integrate them with countrys market economy. Development of the transport network increases the mobility of people.

INDIA: Transport Sector Key Statistics

Units As of 2009 3,516,452 666,452 47.3 61 1115 63,327 199 Days 3 Km. Km. % % km/1,000 sq. km. Km.

Length of Roads Main Roads Paved Roads Access to All-Season-Roads Road Density Rail Track Length No. of Ports Turnaround time

Airports International

125 11

Share of different modes of transport in GDP

SECTOR 200203
6.2% 1.2% 4.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5%

200304
6.3% 1.2% 4.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5%

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

TRANSPORTATION TOTAL RAIL WAYS ROAD WAYS WATER WAYS AIR WAYS SERVICES

6.7% 1.0% 4.8% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5%

6.7% 1.0% 4.8% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5%

6.7% 1.0% 4.8% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5%

6.7% 1.0% 4.7% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5%

6.6% 1.0% 4.8% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4%