PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

P1-COURSE PRESENTATION BY ENGR.W.A ASONMWONRIRI

PERSONAL INFORMATION

NAME: Engr. Wilfred Amen Asonmwonriri (MNSE) DATE OF BIRTH: September 1970 Married Protection Engineer FORMAL EDUCATION M.ENG(POWER AND MACHINES) B.ENG(ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS) PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION Travelling waves systems: QUALITROL Power System Engineering: Power System Training Institute: - New Delhi Protective Relay Testing using Omicron Test set :OMICRON

Condition-Based evaluation of power transformer:HIVOTEC-UNILAG

Reyrolle Protective Relays ApplicationsREYROLLE Power system training methods(Israel Electricity Training School. Tel-Aviv)

PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY OF RELAYING PROTECTION

The electric power system is designed to generate and supply energy to meet the demands of the users on a continuous basis. It comprises of many diverse equipment that are very expensive The whole system must be kept in operation continually without major breakdown so as to prevent severe disruption to the normal routines of modern society

 To keep the power system in operation continually adequate protection must be provided. Protective relays detect abnormalities or faults and eliminate such abnormalities by isolating the smallest portion of the system.

Faults on transmission line possible causes

Lightning Switching Pollution The most often! Salt storms Growing trees Bush fires Damage or sabotage

RELAYS
Relays are the devices, which monitor the conditions of a circuit/device and give instructions to isolate it under unhealthy conditions. The conditions of a circuit or equipment are monitored from the electric power system parameters, the most basic of which are voltage, current, frequency and power. The power system parameters have predetermined values under healthy conditions. . Any shift from this normal behaviour therefore, could be the result of a fault condition.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RELAYS

Primary Relays are the first line of defense in the system. They are generally high-speed relays. The primary relay scheme is designed to remove minimum equipment from service. Secondary Relays also called backup relays are intentionally delayed in their operation so as to give the primary relays a chance to operate first. The backup relays scheme is independent of the primary relay scheme and operates if the primary relay scheme fails to operate.

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM DEVICE NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS

1 Master Element 2 Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay 3 Checking or Interlocking Relay

4 Master Contactor
5 Stopping device 6 Starting Circuit breaker 7 Anode Circuit breaker 8 Control Power Disconnecting Device

9 Reversing Device 10 Unit Sequence Switch 11 RESERVED FOR FUTURE APPLICATION 12 Over Speed device 13 Synchronous Speed device

14 Under Speed device

15 Speed or frequency matching device

 16 RESERVED FOR FUTURE APPLICATION 17 Shunting or Discharge switch 18 Accelerating or Decelerating device 19 Starting to Running Transition Contactor 20 Electrically Operated Valve

21 Distance Relay
22 Equalizer Circuit breaker

 23 Temperature Control device

25 Synchronizing or Synchronism Check device

26 Apparatus Thermal device 27 Under Voltage relay . 28 Flame Detector . 31 Separate Excitation device 32 Directional Power relay

 37 Undercurrent or under power relay 40 Field relay 50 Instantaneous over current or rate of rise relay 51 A.C. Time Over current relay 52 A.C. Circuit breaker

55 Power Factor Relay

81 Frequency Relay

 59 Over voltage Relay 63 Pressure switch 64 Ground Protection Relay 65 Governor

67 A.C Direction or Over-current Relay

79 A.C. Reclosing relay

 Power system protection is realized by protecting the different primary equipment that variously constitute the power system.

A faulted component needs to be isolated from the entire grid as quickly as possible to prevent the fault from spreading to other parts of the grid and to prevent damage to equipment and personnel.

Main purposes of protective relays

To ensure uninterrupted power supply. To reduce equipment damage.

To maintain quality of service.

To guarantee safety of life and property. To ensure operation of equipment at peak efficiency.

ATTRIBUTES OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(a) Sensitivity A relay must be sensitive to the least fault conditions for which it has been configured. (b) Reliability It must be relied upon at all times to respond to any fault by relaying signals that will cause the faulty part to be isolated.

 (c) Selectivity The relay must be able to discriminate between faults and abnormal conditions. (d) Simple For a relay to be effectively used, its construction and operation has to be simple in nature.

 (e) Speed of Operation To be able to prevent damage to the associated equipment the relay is protecting, it must act fast before the damage is done. (f) Cost The relay should not be so expensive as to outweigh the benefit of using it to protect the associated equipment.

CATEGORIES OF FAULTS
Single phase to ground fault Double phase to ground fault Three phase to ground fault Phase to phase fault Three phase fault.

The commonest, in occurrence, of the above fault conditions, is the single phase to ground fault which is about 70%.

Protective relaying was introduced in practice as early as the first power systems were invented to make sure that faults are detected and damaged or faulted components are taken out of service quickly. Faults occur randomly and may be associated with any component of the power system. The longer the fault duration, the larger is the extent of damage.

EFECTS OF FAULTS IN A POWER SYSTEM

Over heating Over voltage (surge) Over load Fire disaster Unbalanced loading Loss of synchronism

For the faults and abnormal conditions enumerated above protective relays are designed to isolate and reduce damage to the system equipment.

RELAY TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS

Relays are classified according to the following: Input - voltage, current, frequency. Operating Principle percentage or restraining. Function - Monitoring, Regulating, Auxiliary, Programming or Protection. Performance characteristics - Definite time, Inverse time or Distance. Structure - Static, Electromechanical or Thermal

RELAY PERFORMANCE
Performance of relays can be classified as: Correct Incorrect Inconclusive. Incorrect Operation This can be due to the following factors: Incorrect Relay Setting Personnel Error Equipment Malfunction

 Incorrect tripping may be either failure to trip or false tripping. Failure to trip can be caused by faulty associated instrument transformer, circuit breakers, control cables and wiring and station batteries. Inconclusive Operation This is the last resort when no evidence is available either for a correct or incorrect operation. Quite often, this is a personal involvement.

RELAY OPERATING TIME

Relays can be classified in terms of their operating times as follows: High Speed Relays - operate in less than three (3) cycles Slow speed relays - operate in three (3) cycles or more Time delay relays - have built in time delay facility to allow co-ordination with other relays within the power system. Instantaneous relays - have no deliberate time delay facility. They operate instantaneously.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PROTECTION SYSTEM

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS CIRCUIT BREAKERS RELAYS

CONTACTORS
DC BATERRY BANKS

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CVT

BASIC COMPONENTS OF LINE PROTECTION

CIRCUIT BREAKER FAULT CURRENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TRIP COIL

TELE COM

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

DC SYSTEM

ZONES OF PROTECTION
For effective protection of the system with minimum part disconnected during fault, protection zones are mapped out. Motor Protection Zone Generator Protection Zone Transformer Protection Zone Bus bar Protection Zone Lines Protection Zone

Zones of Protection

To limit the extent of the power system that is disconnected when

a fault occurs, protection is arranged in zones Zones of protection should overlap, so that no part of the power system is left unprotected Location of the CT connection to the protection usually defines the zone Unit type protections have clear zones reach e.g Diff. Relay, REF relay

RELAY OPERATING TIME

Relays can be classified in terms of their operating times as follows: High Speed Relays - operate in less than three (3) cycles Slow speed relays - operate in three (3) cycles or more Time delay relays - have built in time delay facility to allow co-ordination with other relays within the power system. Instantaneous relays - have no deliberate time delay facility. They operate instantaneously.

DEVICES PERFORMING MORE THAN ONE FUNCTION

If one device performs two relatively important functions in an
equipment so that it is desirable to identify both of these functions, this may be done by using a double device function such as: 50/51 An over-current relay with an instantaneous element and an inverse element.

SUFFIX NUMBERS
If two or more devices with the same function number and suffix letter (if

used) are present in the same equipment then these are distinguished as
follows 52x-1, 52x-2, 52x-3 etc SUFFIX LETTERS Suffix letters are used with device numbers for various purposes. The meaning of each suffix letter or combination of letters should be clearly indicated in the legend on the drawings or publications accompanying the equipment. Example: 52 TC Tripping coil of the breaker

COMMONLY USED LETTERS

R - Raising relay or for remote operation L - Lowering relay or for local operation O - Opening relay or contactor C - Closing relay or contactor CS - Control Switch CC - Closing Coil TC - Trip Coil PB - Push Button G - Generator T - Transformer L - Line F - Feeder etc

REPRESENTATION OF DEVICE CONTACTS

There are almost in all electrical devices, particularly in circuit breakers and relays, a set of contacts which are normally open and another set of contacts which are normally closed. When the device operates, the contact position reverses. Those normally open become closed and vice versa.

CARRER GUIDE FOR YOUNG PROTECTION ENGINEERS

The protection engineer is saddled with ensuring the reliability and stability of the power system. As a protection engineer you are an electrical engineer with specialisation in power systems and protection systems.

It is obviously a great field as it forces you to fully understand the technical aspects of the power industry.

The major challenges facing the young protection engineers

Bridging the gap between schooling and the real world as most engineering students are bombarded with abstractions without ideas of the big picture let alone a sense of the value of work they will be doing. Entry level position and qualification is another challenge as the protection engineer requires a solid foundation in electric power systems to be successful.

 A deep understanding of the operation of all the elements of the power system is required as one cannot protect an equipment which operation he does not know. He requires a solid understanding of many technical features of the power system including:machine design parameters,bus configuration, trip circuits, symmetrical components,fault currents, unbalanced power flow and much more

 For an early success in the protection engineering career the young engineer should undergo the following: He should be made to pass through training courses that are tailored specifically for protective relaying.

 He should place himself on a continous professional development program by accessing power system references and training materials which include textbooks,relay manuals, standards and technical papers. He should place himself on a continous professional development program by accessing power system references and training materials which include textbooks,relay manuals, standards and technical papers.

 The young engineer needs to develop good hands-on-the job skills with ability to stay on the job untill he gets result.

 The young engineer should be passionate about his work as he requires the positive mental attitude that goes with love for work to succeed. He needs to be quick and able to learn new things all the time

 He needs a mentor for guidance as he progresses in his career. He needs to develop or join an existing professional network or peer group in the industry.

 This is quite a lot to ask of any one person but the professional and psychological reward can be very great.I cannot imagine a better field to begin a power engineering career than protective relaying as the challenges it provides are endless and the learning process a life- long one.