Switching System

Presented by: Jobert S. Gargoles

Dr. Carlos C. Sison DEM, PECE

Switching System
provides various services to the subscribers

collection of switching elements arranged and

controlled in such a way as to setup a communication path between any two distant points.
3 types of Switching

Circuit Switching 2. Message Switching 3. Packet Switching

1.

Evaluation Of PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network

Consists of transmission

component, switching components and facilities for maintaining equipment, billing system and other internal components. Also referred to as Plain Old Telephone System (POTS).

Classification of Switching System

Switchin g Systems

Automatic

Manual

Electromechanical

Electronic

Functions of Switching System

Identity

Addressing
Finding and Path

set-up Busy Testing Supervision Clear Down Billing

Requirements of Switching System

High availability

High speed
Low down time

Good facilities
High security

Simple Human Exchange

the control was provided by a human operator

and the elements of the switch assemblies are plugs and jacks (1892). All the local exchange hardware are duplicated for each subscriber except the ringing generator, operators head set and the battery.
Limitations of Manual Exchanges

Language dependent

Lack of privacy
Switching delay Limited service

Simple Human Exchange

A telephone operator manually connecting calls with cord pairs at a telephone switchboard

The Strowger Step By Step Switching System

developed around 18801890 to eliminate the

limitations of manual exchanges. to establish automatic exchanges to improve the speed and carry more leads (subscribers). Created by Almon B. Strowger with his nephew Walters with electromagnets and pawls Reasons For Survival Of This System High system availability Comprehensibility Cheapness and Simplicity

Basic Elements of Strowger Switching System

Uniselectors

one which has a single rotary switch with a bank of

contacts. In the case single uniselector, each contact is connected to an outgoing channel, so a caller can choose to connect to any of 10 different subscribers by dialling any digit from 1 to 10

Basic Elements of Strowger Switching System

Two motion selectors

a selector in which a set of wipers is moved in

two different planes by means of separate mechanisms.

Step by Step Switching

basic principle of strowger system is the direct

application of the functional subdivision with extensive use of third wire control

Step by Step Switching

Subscriber line circuit (SLC)

Every subscriber is connected to his local exchange

by one pair of wires. This single pair carries the voice in both directions and the ring current to ring the bell when a call is received.
Line Finder & Alloter

As there are many subscribers, but only a few

selectors, there has to be a method for finding a free selector and to connect the calling subscriber to that free selector. To find a free selector, alloter switch is used for connecting calling subscriber and selector line, selector hunter based access or line finder based access can be used

Step by Step Switching

Group Selector

Depends on the subscriber number, the group

selector may comprise one or two selectros, generally referred as first and second selectors.

Step by Step Switching

Final selector

The final selector takes care of the last two

digits. As the last two digit being 4 and 5. The dialling of 4 advances the switch to row 4 and then the dialling of 5, rotates the switch to the 5th column. If the called subscriber line is free, then, the path setup is completed. Otherwise a busy signal is returned to the caller. The final selector acts as an expander, to connect the heavily loaded trunks to the much larger number of lightly loaded customer lines.

Drawback of Step by Step Switching

skilled technicians are necessary not feasible to select an alternate route for interoffice

calls limited to dial pulses If calling rate is high, heavy operation is performed by the system and the life time of the system is less. Congestion could arise when the switching system is heavily loaded The capacity of switching system reduces if codes of different numbers are alloted to various subscribers The strowger system can accept only 7 to 9 pulses in 1 second

Crossbar Exchange
Common control allows the customer and the

switch to share the common equipments used to process the call. Wire logic computer allows specific routine functions of call processing to be handwired into the switch. Flexible concentration ratios allows the system designer to select the appropriate ratio for a specific switch based on customer mix in a specific location. Crossbar switches are easier to maintain because the switch have significantly fewer moving parts than strowger switching system.

Crossbar Exchange
Basic principle The fundamental

concept of crossbar switching is that it uses common control networks. common control networks enables the exchange to perform event monitoring, call also facilitates uniform numbering of subscribers in a multiexchange area

Western Electric 100 Point six-wire Type B crossbar switch

AT & T No. 5 Crossbar System

Developed by the Bell Telephone

Laboratories suitable for isolated small cities and for residential areas on the fringes of large cities The use of precious metal, non-sliding contacts results in noise free conversations. Various options of charging methods such as AMA or message resister and coin.

AT & T No. 5 Crossbar System

Provision of toll and tandem switching features

with the same common control equipment as is used for local traffic. Good trouble shooting procedures and additional features like eleven digit capacity, alternate routing, code conversion, marker pulse conversion etc. Improved distribution of usage over various equipment units by means of rotating sequence and memory circuits.

AT & T No. 5 Crossbar System

No. 5 crossbar switching structure

SPC Exchange
permits the features like abbreviated dialling, call

forwarding, call waiting. enables easier number changes, automated call tracing message unit accounting (for billing) technical name used for telephone exchanges controlled by a computer program stored in the memory of the system. a programe or a set of instructions are stored in its memory and executed automatically one by one by the processor

SPC Exchange
uses processors designed to meet the various requirements of the exchange. More than one processors are used for the reliability Also the SPC system uses distributed software and hardware architectures. To carry over the maintenance functions of the switching system, a separate processor is used. performs trunk routing to other control or tandem offices.

Basic control structure of SPC.

Switching Techniques
Message switching The source and destination do not interact in real

time Message delivery is on delayed basis if destination node is busy or otherwise unable to accept traffic. Destination node status is not required before sending message. Message switching network normally accepts all traffic but provides longer delivery time because of increased queue length. In message switching network, the transmission links are never idle.

Switching Techniques
Circuit Switching The source and destination are connected

temporarily during data transfer. Before path setup delay, may be there due to busy destination node. Once the connection is made, the data transfer takes place with negligible propagation time. Destination node status is necessary before setting up a path for data transfer. A circuit switching network rejects excess traffic, if all the lines are busy. In circuit switching, after path setup, if the users denied service, the line will be idle. Thus, the transmission capacity will be less, if the lines are idle.

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