INTRODUCTION TO CVS CELLULAR CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY

Heart Conducting Tissues

Ventricular Structure & Function Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Output

 Cardiac Reflexes Innervation of Heart Control of CVS

EKG Coronary Circulation

Components of Circulatory System

Cardiovascular System (CVS):

Heart:
Pumps bl push bl through vessels.

Blood vessels:
Flow bl from ht to cells & back to the ht.

Lymphatic System:
Lymphatic vessels present b/w capillaries. LVs drain excess interstitial fluid to maintain original bl volume.

Cardiovascular System (CVS)

Cardiac
(heart)

Vascular
-

Right sided: (volume pump)

Left sided: (Pressure pump)

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Transport and distribute essential substances to the tissues. Remove metabolic byproducts. Adjustment of oxygen and nutrient supply in different physiologic states. Regulation of body temperature. Humoral communication.

HISTORY

Pressure Drop in the Vascular System

ELASTIC TISSUE
LARGE ARTERIES
SMALL ARTERIES

MUSCLE

ARTERIOLES

CAPILLARIES VENULES &VEINS LARGE SMALL LARGE

INSIDE DIAMETER

Distribution of Blood in the Circulatory System

67% IN THE SYST. VEINS/VENULES 5% IN THE SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES 11% IN THE SYSTEMIC ARTERIES 5% IN PULMONARY VEINS 3% IN PULMONARY ARTERIES 4% IN PULMONARY CAPILLARIES 5% IN HEART ATRIA/VENTRICLES

Distribution of blood within the circulatory system at rest:

Organization in the Circulatory System

SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Anatomy of the heart:

Position: located behind sternum.

Hollow, muscular organ.

Anatomy of the heart Consists of 2 separate pumps that maintain

unidirectional flow of blood; the Lt & Rt hts. circulation. circulation. ventricle.

Lt ht pumps oxygenated blood Systemic

Rt ht pumps deoxygenated blood Pulmonary

Each pump contains 2 chambers: an atrium & a

Chambers of the heart:

2 Atria:

thin-walled chambers. receive bl returning to ht.

2 Ventricles:

thicker, muscular walls. pump blood from heart. each has same capacity & pumps same volume of bl in a given period of time.

Chambers of the heart (continued) Atria & ventricles are

separated into 2 functional units by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue, which gives attachment to the valves.

Chambers of the heart (continued) Atria & ventricles are

separated into 2 functional units by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue, which gives attachment to the valves.

Valves of the heart:

2 atrioventricular
(AV) valves:
One way valves. Allow bl to flow from

2 semilunar valves :
One way valves. At origin of pulmonary artery & aorta. Pulmonary (Rt) & Aortic (Lt). Open during ventricular contraction.

atria into ventricles. Tricuspid (Rt) & Mitral (Lt).

Valves of the heart (continued)

Remember:

Vs are at entrance & exit of each ventricle. Vs allow bl to flow in only ONE direction. When AV-vs open, semilunarvs close & vice versa. Opening & closing of vs occur as a result of press differences. AV cusps are held by chordae tendineae to papillary muscles.

Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves

Intra cardiac Circulation:

Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations

Pulmonary circulation: Bl pumped from RV through the lungs & back to the ht. Systemic circulation: Oxygen-rich bl pumped to all organ systems to supply nutrients. Rate of bl flow through systemic circulation = flow rate through pulmonary circulation.

Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations (continued)

3 distinct layers
1. Endocardium: the innermost layer of the ht. 2. Myocardium: the thickest main layer, consists of cardiac ms. 3. Pericardium (epicardium): the thin, outer covering or external membrane around the ht.

Heart Walls:

Heart Walls- 3 distinct layers (continued)

Histology & Physiology

The Cardiac Muscle

Histology of Cardiac muscle:

Striated. Cylindrical in shape. Shorter than skeletal muscle. Rich in mitochondria (up to 40% of cell volume). Branched. Has one nucleus in the center of the cell. No nerves are involved in the spread of contraction through the muscle. Adjacent cells are interconnected endto- end by intercalated discs.

Histology of Cardiac muscle:

Histology of Cardiac muscle (continued)

Intercalated discs:
Contain 2 types of specialized junctions that permit the cardiac ms to fx as a syncytium (unit), which obeys all or none law. 1. desmosomes 2. gap junction

Intercalated discs (continued)

1. desmosomes: act like rivets & hold cells tightly together. 2. gap junctions: offer little resistance (only 1/400 of outside membrane resistance) to the passage of action potential (easily spread) from one cardiac ms cell to adjacent cells. allow relatively free diffusion of ions.

Physiology of cardiac muscle:

Cardiac ms tissue forms 2 functional syncytia:

atria, & ventricles.

The ht is composed of 2 major types of cardiac ms: I: Contractile cells. II: Autorhythmic (or automatic) cells.

Physiology of cardiac muscle (continued)

I: Contractile cells:
Composed of 2 types of ms:

a. atrial ms. b. ventricular ms.

Contract when stimulated, in same way as skeletal

ms except for longer duration.

Physiology of cardiac muscle (continued)

I: Contractile cells:
Composed of 2 types of ms:

a. atrial ms. b. ventricular ms.

Contract when stimulated, in same way as skeletal

ms except for longer duration.

Physiology of cardiac muscle

II: Autorhythmic (or automatic) cells:

(continued)

Specialized or modified cardiac ms, that contract

only feebly as they contain few contractile fibrils.

Self-stimulating w/out any external stimulation.

Pacemaker potentials, rhythmicity & varying rates of conduction.

Provide an excitatory system for the ht.

Initiate repetitive action potentials, that exhibit

ACTION POTENTIALS FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE HEART

ATRIUM
0 0

VENTRICLE

mv

-80mv

-80mv

0
SA NODE

-80mv

mv

mv

time

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE FAST RESPONSE FIBER

+20
0

1
2

AMP

3 Cardiac Cell

-80 0

t (msec)

300

PHASE 0 OF THE FAST FIBER ACTION POTENTIAL

Na+ A -90mv m Na+ B -65mv m m

h
Na+

h
Na+

C 0mv Chemical Gradient Electrical Gradient

D +20mv

Na+
E +30mv m

OVERVIEW OF SPECIFIC EVENTS IN THE VENTRICULAR ACTION POTENTIAL

CONDUCTION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL IN CARDIAC FIBERS

LOCAL CURRENTS

- ------++++++++
FIBER A

-------FIBER B

+++++++

DEPOLARIZED ZONE

POLARIZED ZONE