STATISTIKA

POKOK BAHASAN STATISTIKA

1. Introduction 2. Estimation

3. Hypothesis Testing (Z, t, and 2 test)

4. Anova (F-test) 5. Regression Theory 6. Multiple Regression Analysis 7. Factor Analysis

8. Structural Equation Model (SEM)

INTRODUCTION AND DATA COLLECTION

a. Why a manager needs to know about statistics b. The growth and development of modern statistics c. Statistical thinking and modern statistics d. Descriptive versus inferential statistics e. The need for data f. Data source g. Types of data and measurement scales

a. Why a manager needs to know about statistics

Managers need to know : - How to properly present and describe information - How to draw conclusion about large population based on information from sample - How to improve processes - How to obtain reliable forecasts of variable of interest.

b. The growth and development of modern statistics

It can be traced to three separate phenomena : - The needs of the Government to collect data on its citizenry - The development of the mathematics of probability theory - The advent of the computer

Profoundly changed in the last 30 years.

c. Statistical thinking and modern statistics

Statistical thinking can be defined as thought processes that focus on ways to understand, manage, and reduce variation
Management Philosophy

Statistical Methods

Behavioral Tool

d. Descriptive versus inferential statistics

Descriptive statistics can be defined as those methods involving the collection, presentation, and characterization of a set of data in order to describe the various features of that set of data properly. Inferential statistics can be defined as those methods that make possible the estimation of the characteristic of a population or the making of a decision concerning a population based on sample results.

A population is the totality of items or things under consideration A sample is the portion of the population that is selected for analysis A parameter is a summary measure that is computed to describe a characteristic of an entire population A statistic is a summary measure that is computed to describe a characteristic from only a sample of the population

e. The need for data

Data are needed to : 1. Provide the necessary input to a survey 2. Measure performance in an ongoing service or Production processes 3. Assist in formulating alternative courses of action in a decision-making process 4. Satisfy our curiosity

f. Data source
The data collector is the primary source The data compiler is the secondary source
Four main reasons for collecting data : -to provide input to a research study -To measure performance -To enhance decision making -To satisfy our curiosity

GIGO

g. Type of data and Measurement scales

Types of data Two types of characteristics of random variable : - Categorical random variables yield categorical responses - Numerical random variables yield numerical responses
Data type
Categorical Discrete
Numerical

Question type
Do you currently own a house? Magazines subscribed?

Responses
Yes No --- number

Contous

How tall are you?

--- inches

Types of measurement scales : a. Nominal scale b. Ordinal scale c. Interval scale d. Ratio scale The need for operational definitions
An operational definition provides a meaning to a concept or variable that can be communicated to other individuals. It is something that has the same meaning yesterday, today and tomorrow to all individuals

Types of samples Non-probability sample and probability sample Non-probability sample such as judgment sample, quota sampling and chunk sampling.
A probability sample is one in which the subjects of the sample are chosen on the basis of known probabilities. - Simple random sample - Systematic sample - Stratified sample - Cluster sample

Drawing sample : - with replacement

probability remains the same - without replacement probability changes

There are four types of survey error :

1. Coverage error or specification bias 2. Non-response error 3. Sampling error 4. Measurement error
A man with one watch always knows what time it is A man with 2 watches always searches to identify the correct one A man with 10 watches is always reminded of the difficulty in measuring time