Mait - Ewu - Part - II

Managerial Application of Information Technology
Part - II
Hasan Shirazi
M. Sc (Physics) [Jahangirnagar University], MBA (HRM & Finance), MA (HRM) [School of Management , University of Bradford, UK] Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting 1
Overview of Electronic Commerce

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting
Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

electronic commerce (EC)
The process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks
EC can be defined from these perspectives:

o o o o o Business process Service Learning Collaboration Community
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e-business
A broader definition of EC that includes not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization
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Pure versus Partial EC

EC can take several forms depending on the degree of digitization 1. the product (service) sold 2. the process (e.g., ordering, payment, fulfillment) 3. the delivery method
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brick-and-mortar (old economy) organizations
Old-economy organizations (corporations) that perform their primary business off-line, selling physical products by means of physical agents
virtual (pure-play) organizations

Organizations that conduct their business activities solely online
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click-and-mortar (click-and-brick) organizations Organizations that conduct some e-commerce activities, usually as an additional marketing channel
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Internet versus Non-Internet EC
o Most EC is done over the Internet, but EC also can be conducted on private networks, such as value-added networks, local area networks, or on a single computerized machine o Non-Internet EC includes the use of mobile handwriting-recognition computers used by field reps to write their notes in the field
electronic market (e-marketplace)

o An online marketplace where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services, money, or information
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interorganizational information systems (IOSs) Communications systems that allow routine transaction processing and information flow between two or more organizations intraorganizational information systems Communication systems that enable e-commerce activities to go on within individual organizations
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The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

intranet An internal corporate or government network that uses Internet tools, such as Web browsers, and Internet protocols extranet A network that uses the Internet to link multiple intranets
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EC applications are supported by infrastructure and by these five support areas:
o o o o o People Public policy Marketing and advertisement Support services Business partnerships
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Classification of EC by the Nature of the Transactions or Interactions
business-to-business (B2B) E-commerce model in which all of the participants are businesses or other organizations business-to-consumer (B2C) E-commerce model in which businesses sell to individual shoppers e-tailing Online retailing, usually B2C business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C) E-commerce model in which a business provides some product or service to a client business that maintains its own customers
Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting 1-14
The EC Framework,
Classification, and Content

business-to-consumer (B2C)
E-commerce model in which businesses sell to individual shoppers
e-tailing
Online retailing, usually B2C
business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C)
E-commerce model in which a business provides some product or service to a client business that maintains its own customers
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consumer-to-business (C2B) E-commerce model in which individuals use the Internet to sell products or services to organizations or individuals who seek sellers to bid on products or services they need mobile commerce (m-commerce) E-commerce transactions and activities conducted in a wireless environment
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location-based commerce (l-commerce)
M-commerce transactions targeted to individuals in specific locations, at specific times
intrabusiness EC
E-commerce category that includes all internal organizational activities that involve the exchange of goods, services, or information among various units and individuals in an organization
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business-to-employees (B2E)
E-commerce model in which an organization delivers services, information, or products to its individual employees
collaborative commerce (c-commerce)

E-commerce model in which individuals or groups communicate or collaborate online
consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
E-commerce model in which consumers sell directly to other consumers
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peer-to-peer (P2P) Technology that enables networked peer computers to share data and processing with each other directly; can be used in C2C, B2B, and B2C e-commerce e-learning The online delivery of information for purposes of training or education e-government E-commerce model in which a government entity buys or provides goods, services, or information from or to businesses or individual citizens
Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting 1-19

exchange
A public electronic market with many buyers and sellers
exchange-to-exchange (E2E)
E-commerce model in which electronic exchanges formally connect to one another for the purpose of exchanging information
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The Interdisciplinary Nature of EC
o The Google Revolution o EC Failures o EC Successes
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The Internet and the World Wide Web

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting 22
What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Internet
o Global system of computers of thousands of privately and publicly owned computers and networks o Also known as the Net o Started in the 1960s o U.S. Department of Defense project ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) Purpose was to
o Create a form of secure communication for military and scientific purposes o Create a method for transferring such communication between computers
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Internetcomposed of more than 750 million hosts Hostcomputer that has twoway access to other computers:
o o Receives requests Replies to those requests
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Volunteers maintain the Internet networks. Private and public groups provide the equipment. Network service providers (NSPs)
o Maintain the Internet backbonethe main high-speed routes
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Network access points (NAPs)
o How NSPs are linked o NAPs allow data to start on one network then cross over to another network
Routers
o Specialized devices that connect networks, locate the best path of transmission, and ensure that data reaches its destination
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Interoperability
o Ability to work with different brands and models of computers
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

o Provides methods for packaging and transmitting information
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Transmission Control Protocol
o Manages assembling of a message or file into smaller packets Packets are transmitted over Internet TCP layer on the destination computer reassembles the packets into the original message
Internet Protocol
o Handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination
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What is the Internet and How Does It Work?
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Accessing the Internet:
Going Online
Internet service providers (ISPs)
o Supply and sustain user connections to the Internet o Maintain the hardware and software o Protect their sites and networks from outside threats
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Accessing the Internet:
Going Online
Wireless Internet service provider
o Company that provides wireless Internet access o Examples: AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon Wireless
Hot spot
o Public location that provides Internet access for wireless devices o Examples: airport, college campus, or coffee shop
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Accessing the Internet: Going Online

Methods to access the Internet
o Dial-up accessuses modem and telephone line o Digital subscriber line (DSL)high-speed online connectionexternal modem with telephone lines o Cable accesshigh-speed Internet connectioncable modem not a phone line o Satellitehigh-speed Internet service with antenna and dish connected to indoor receive unit (IRU) and indoor transmit unit (IRU) o Fiber-optic servicehigh-speed Internetfiber-optic lines direct o Wi-Max - high-speed Internet wireless direct connection o EDGE (Telecom) Internet connection through cell/ smart phones o Others Like LAN Connection in BD.
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The Internet and the Web: Whats the Difference?

World Wide Web (also known as the Web or WWW)
o o o o o o Contains billions of documents Part of the Internet Uses the Internet to transport information Separate entity from the Internet No one owns the Web Standards and guidelines for the Web are published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
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Web contains the information. Internet transports information to and from users.
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Web page
o Document that may include text, graphics, sound, animation, and video
Web browser
o Program that displays Web pages and linked items
Web site
o Collection of Web pages Typically contains a home page (also called an index page)default page displayed when you enter a site
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Hypertext
o Uses links to connect to additional related information
Hyperlinks or links
o Words and images that bring other documents into view when clicked
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

o Uses tags to specify how a Web page should display
Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)

o HTML combined with Extensible Markup Language (XML) to reduce the complexity of HTML
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Distributed hypermedia system
o o o o
Web 2.0
Network-based content development system Uses multimedia resources as a means to of navigation or illustration Current generation of the Web Provides opportunities to collaborate, interface, and create new content using blogs, Wikis, and podcasts Dead links (also known as broken links) Information posted on the Web is not validated. Information overload due to too much data
Some issues with Web distribution include:

o o o
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The most popular Web browsers
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Plug-ins
o o Additional software programs to extend the ability of the browser Examples: Acrobat Reader Adobe Flash Player Adobe Shockwave Player Apple QuickTime Real Player Windows Media Player Stores Web page files and graphics on a computer hard drive when the user visits a site for the first time
Browser cache
o
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Web servers
o Web sites and their associated information are stored here o Used to recognize information requests, process the requests, and send the requested documents
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Finding Information on the Web

Internet Protocol (IP) address
o o Every device connected to the Internet, including PCs and servers, is given a unique network identifier Numerical identification and logical address Identifies Internet resources type and location Complete URL is made up of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), domain name, path, and resource name.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

o o
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Surfing the Web
o Type a URL into the address bar o Click a tab in the browser window o Click a hyperlink
History list
o Compiles a list of the Web pages visited
Favorites or Bookmarks feature

o Allows Web pages visited often to be marked
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Downloading
o Process of transferring a file or document from one computer to users computer
Uploading
o Process of transferring a file or document from users computer to another computer
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Search engines Spiders
o Index databases of Web pages to enable fast information searches
o Programs that roam the Web to add new Web pages to search engine indexes o Results from hyperlinks that no longer work or Web pages that have been removed or restructured also known as Dead Link/ Broken Link
Link rot
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Specialized search engines
o Index information, such as job advertisements, and names and addresses
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Search operators
Wildcard symbols (also called truncation symbols)
o Perform complex searches
Phrase searching
o Replace the zero or additional characters in search words to improve search accuracy o Examples: ? and *
Inclusion operators
o Place quotation marks around a phrase to create a complete unit for search purposes o The resultsearch engines retrieve only those sites that contain the exact phrase o Used so only Web pages including those criteria are retrieved o Example: plus sign (+) o Used so only Web pages excluding those criteria are retrieved o Example: minus sign (-)
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Exclusion operators

Boolean searches
o Link search words by using logical operators such as AND, OR, and NOT o Using the AND, OR, and NOT logical operators provides additional criteria for a search engine to use when retrieving documents
Nesting
o A Boolean search operator that uses parentheses o The search engine evaluates the expression from left to right, and searches for content in the parentheses first
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Using Information from the Web

Evaluate information obtained from the Web:
o o o o o o o Who is author? Does the author reference sources? Who is the Web page affiliated with? Who pays for it? Is the language objective/dispassionate or strident/argumentative? What is the purpose of the page? Does the information appear to be accurate? Is the page current?
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Using Information from the Web

Use Web information for schoolwork.
o Access authoritative online sources. o Locate published works. o Provide appropriate online and offline reference citations in your work.
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Exploring Internet Services

Electronic mail (e-mail)
o Type of application software that makes sending and receiving messages through computer networks possible
E-mail attachment
o Computer file included with an e-mail message
E-mail address
o Unique cyberspace address for each individual o Consists of a user name, the name of the hosting e-mail service, and the top-level domain
Spam
o Unsolicited e-mails, usually from advertisers o Do not open spam
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Malware
o Malicious software that places a computer in the spammers control
Spyware
o Gathers data from a system without knowledge
Botnet
o Set of infected computers that places computers under the control of a bot herder
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Instant messaging (IM) systems
o Allow immediate, real-time communication with contacts Requires additional software Notifies users when a contact is connected to the Internet Spimmingspam for instant messaging
Internet relay chat (IRC)

o o o
Social networking
Special type of Internet service that gives users the ability to join chat groups called channels Helps people connect Sites such as MySpace provide the ability to create large communities online.
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VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
o Users can speak to others over a broadband Internet connection instead of an analog phone line o Requires a broadband Internet connection o A VoIP service provider such as Skype o A VoIP adapter or computer with supporting software o Calls are usually free to others using the same service.
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
o o o o Method to transfer files over the Internet Use when files are too large to attach to e-mails Usually requires a user name and a password Use to upload Web pages
Anonymous FTP
o Files are available publicly available for downloading o Lack of security o Do not send sensitive material
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Safe Surfing
Guidelines for safe surfing
o o o o o o o Never give out identifying information. Never respond to suggestive messages. Never open e-mail from an unknown source. Never allow a child to make arrangements for a face-to-face meeting alone. Remember individuals online may not be who they claim to be. Set reasonable rules and guidelines for computer use by children. Make using the computer a family activity.
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Safe Surfing
Protecting your identity
o Avoid shoulder-surfers, people who stand close enough to see PIN numbers o Look for secure Web site features before entering information. https:// in the address instead of http:// Site seal provided by a security vendor such as VeriSign Locked padlock symbol on the Web sitebe sure it is not a fake image Logo from other site-security entities, such as Verified by Visa Message box that identifies you are entering or leaving a secure site
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Mait - Ewu - Part - II

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Managerial Application of Information Technology

Overview of Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

EC can be defined from these perspectives:

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

Pure versus Partial EC

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

virtual (pure-play) organizations

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

electronic market (e-marketplace)

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

Classification, and Content

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

collaborative commerce (c-commerce)

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The EC Framework, Classification, and Content

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

The Internet and the World Wide Web

What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

What is the Internet and How Does It Work?

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting

Accessing the Internet:

Copyright 2013 Hasan Shirazi, PHI Consulting