Digital Image Processing

(Theory, Practice, and Applications)

A simple image model

Image: a two-dimensional light-intensity function
; f(x, y) = i(x, y) r(x, y) Why? (the 1st, the 2nd) where, illumination 0 < i(x, y) < , reflectance components 0 < r(x, y) < 1 - illumination: the amount of source light incident on the scene being viewed - reflectance: the amount of light reflected by the objects in the scene

The interval [Lmin, Lmax]

: called the gray scale [0, L]

Examples showing that perceived brightness is not a simple function of intensity.

Example of simultaneous contrast

: all the small squares have exactly the same intensity, but they appear progressively darker as the background becomes lighter.

A/D :
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
Max
()

(1) 1/4 (1)

Min Max

1/2

1/8 (1) (0) 1/4 1/8 (0)

0 1

Min

1/2 (0) 3bit 1

Sampling & Quantization (1)

f (x, y): digitized both spatially and in amplitude Digitization of the spatial coordinates (x, y) : called image sampling Amplitude digitization : called gray-level quantization Resolution: the degree of discernible detail of an image depends strongly on the number of samples and gray-levels

Scanning & Sampling

Scanning

Progressive scan

Interlaced scan

Sampling

Case of progressive scan

Case of interlaced scan

Uniform vs. Non-uniform

(Uniform Quantizer)

: (ti ti+1 )

(Non-uniform Quantizer)
:

t: , l:

li +1

ti t i +1

Sampling & Quantization (2)

The more parameters (the number of samples and gray levels) are increased, the closer the digitized array approximates the original image. The digitization process requires decisions about values for N, M, and the number of discrete gray levels allowed for each pixel. N = 2n, M = 2k and G = 2m b=NMm where, G: the number of gray levels b: the number of bits required to store a digitized image

Effects according to spatial resolution & number of bits

Effects of reducing spatial resolution
; pixel replication produced a checkerboard effect

Fig. 2.9
Effects produced by decreasing the number of bits used to represent the number of gray levels in an image.
A 10241024 image displayed in 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, and 2 levels, respectively.

Fig. 2.10

: (a) 10241024, 256-level digital image of a rose (b)~(f) results of reducing the spatial resolution from N=1024 to N=512, 256, 128, 64, and 32, respectively.

Effect of reducing spatial resolution

: (a) 10241024, 256-level digital image of a rose (b)~(f) results of reducing the number of bits from m=7 to m=1, respectively.

Effect of decreasing the number of bits

Sampling & Quantization (3)

Isopreference curve correspond to images of equal subjective quality
- the quality of the images tends to increase as N and m are increased. - a decrease in m generally increases the apparent contrast of an image. for images with a larger amount of detail only a few gray levels are needed.

Isopreference curves

Sampling & Quantization (4)

Non-uniform sampling and quantization
: depends on the characteristics of the image
- Fine sampling is required in the neighborhood of sharp gray-level transitions, whereas coarse sampling may be utilized in relatively smooth regions. - When the number of gray levels must be kept small, the use of unequally spaced levels in the quantization process usually is desirable ( called tapered quantization in Ch. 6).

Implementation

(ex) Click !

Discussion (Q&A)