European Culture

-- An Introduction

Division One : Greek and Roman Culture

1 Homer <Iliad> <Odyssey> Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet Aeschylus <Prometheus bound> <Persians> <Agamemnon> Tragic dramatist Sophocles <Oedipus the King> <Electra> <Antigone> Tragic dramatist Euripides <Medea> <Trojan Women> <Andromache> Tragic dramatist Aristophanes <Frogs><Clouds><Wasps><Birds> Comedy writer

 Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas

<Dialogues> Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realities <Ethics><Politics> <Poetics and Rhetoric> Euclid <Elements> a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced Give me a place to stand and Ill move the World Others Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno (the Stoics) 4th century B.C.Alexander, king of Macedon 5th century B.C.146 B.C.

d. Contending Schools of Thoughts

Sophists,

who were teachers of the art of arguing. The most eminent of them was Protagoras, born about 500 B.C., who wrote a book On the Gods. He is chiefly noted for his doctrine that man is the measure of all the things. In the 4th century B.C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other. They were the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans and the Stoics. The Cynics, leader named Diogenes, he rejected all the conventions, and advocated self-sufficiency

e. Science
We

have seen that many Greek philosophers were at the same time scientists. Thus Plato was a mathematician and Aristotle contributed to Zoology. Two men may be mentioned for what they did to push science forward. They are Euclid and Archimedes. Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry. Archimedes did important work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, mechanics, and hydrostatics.

and extreme simplicity in life. He lived by beggIng. He proclaimed his brotherhood, not only with the whole human race, but also with animals. On the other hand, he had no patience with the rich and powerful. The Sceptics followed Pyrrhon , who held that not all knowledge was attainable. He and his followers doubted the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus, who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life, but by pleasure he meant, not sensual

enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. Epicurus was a materialist, he believed the world consisted of atoms. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them, the most important thing in life was not pleasure, but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno.

 a.

Art Greek art is a visual proof of Greek civilization. b. Architecture The most important temple is Parthenon. Greek architecture can be grouped into three types: the Doric style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian.

8.Art, Architecture, Sculpture and poetry

 c.

Sculpture The earliest Greek sculptures were those of Gods. Stiff, lifeless---- the beauty of internal structure. Famous sculptures: i. Discus Thrower ii.Venus de Milo iii.Laocoon group d. Pottery The flourishing of the Greek pottery was a result of domestic needs, needs for foreign trade. Black-figure and red-figure paintings. 9. Impact a. Spirit of Innovation b. Supreme Achievement c. Lasting Effect

Roman Culture
1.Romans and Greeks The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their regions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of IndoEuropean language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.

 There

was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire, the Greeks didnt. 2.Roman History Pax Romana: The year 27B.C. divided the history of Rome into two periods: before then, Rome had been a republic; in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent, encircling the Mediterranean, reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotamia in the east. The emperors

relied on a strong army--the famous Roman legions - and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. 3. Latin Literature a.Prose i. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( . . ii. Julius Caesar ( .

b. Poetry ( i. Lucretius (On the Nature of Things ii. Virgil ( Aeneid ( 4. Architecture, Painting and Sculpture a. Architecture i. The Pantheon ii. Pont du Gard iii. The Colosseum b. Painting c. Sculpture i. Constantine the Great (about AD 274-337), Roman emperor (306-37), the first Roman ruler to be converted to Christianity. He was the founder of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), which remained the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire until 1453.

ii. Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem iii. She-wolf

Division Two: The Bible and Christianity

JewsHebrews3800B.C. 1300B.C.MosesHebrews ExodusSinaiten commandments in the name of God40HebrewsPelestine, known as CanaanHebrew the old Testament, 6th century B.C., Babylonsynagogue Jesus ChristAugustus, Emperor Constantine 1313 Emperor Theodosius392

 Hebrewthe

old Testament39 1000B.C.---100A.D. PentateuchHebrew the New TestmentGreek 14Latin BibleVulgate, 1382John WycliffGreek BibleSeptuagint

Division Two The Bible and Christianity

I. The Old Testament

39 1200 B.C.

Focus In Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestinethe hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas. Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews the Hebrews wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.

About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms. The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.

When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive God message from, which came to be known as Adam, Eve, the Ten Commandments. Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament. In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to practise their religion.

Division Three: The Middle Ages

476 5-11 a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054,the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church MoslemsCrusades Charles Martelestates known as fiefs in 732 St. Thomas Aquinas(Scholasticism) Summa Theologicasums up all the knowledge of medieval theologyfeudal hierarchy() of society is Gods rule The power of feudal rulers is Gods will Pope is Christs Plenipotentiary

Division Three
I.

The Middle Ages

Manor and Church Introduction in Chinese 5 476 ..

Focus In
In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.

Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged. Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service. In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service.

*The center of medieval life under feudalism was manor. *By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castles, which were made of stone and designed as fortresses. *As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.

*In the medieval days knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments. *After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. *The most important of all the leaders of Christian though was Augustine of Hippo who lived in North Africa in the 5th century. *Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.

*The people not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe. *In the Medieval times the Church set up a church courtthe Inquisition to stamp out so-called heresy. *One of the most important sacraments was holy communion, which was to remind people that Christ had died to redeem man *To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.

*With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holy wars called the Crusades. 1.the Middle Ages In European society, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped peoples lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the

Interpretation

Age of Faith. 2. Manor The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. Lords lived in a manor house and met with vassals, carried the laws and said their prayers. By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castles. 3.Code of Chivalry In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of Chivalry.

4.Benedictine Rule It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A.D..The monks who followed Benedicts rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. They wore simple clothes and ate certain simple foods. They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight. In addition they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.

5.the Crusades In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslem who attacked the Christians pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. News of this kind roused great indignation among Christian in western Europe. The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years because all the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. There were all together eight chief Crusades from 1096-1291.Although the Crusades

did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. II. Learning Science, Literature, Art and Architecture Introduction in Chinese

 . . 1220-1292 12

Focus In *Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period. *Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans by the people in 800. *The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology. *Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and called for careful observation and experimentation.

*National epic refers to the epic written in vernacular languagesthat is , the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. *Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature. *Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature. *Chaucer was great English poet, The Canterbury Tales was his most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humour and warm humanity.

Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular Roger Bacon and Experimental Science <Opus Maius> one of the earliest advocates of scientific research, called for careful observation Dante() <The Divine Comedy> one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer <Canterbury Tales> first modern poet in English literature

Division Four: Renaissance and Reformation

14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio <Decameron> the greatest achievement of prose fiction in Petrarch <Canzoniers> Sonnet, father of modern poetry Giotto <Flight into Egypt><Betrayal of Judas> forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello <David> one of the first artists engaged in anatomy Giorgione <Sleeping Venus> made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures

Da Vinci <Last Supper> <Mona Lisa> Michelangelo <David><Sistine Chapel><Dying Slave><Moses> Raphael Known for his <Madonna(Virgin Mary)> Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World

 Pre-Luther

Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Czech Religious leader

John Calvin <Institutes of the Christian Religion> one of the most influential theological works Calvinism Rabelais <Cargantua and Pantagruel> < > french writer Ronsard Pleiade <Sonnets Pour Helene> Montaigne <Essays> French Writer Cervantes <Don Quixote> father of modern European novel spain

Thomas More <Utopia> British writer Shakespeare <<>><< >><<>><<>><<>><< >><<>><<>><< >><<>><< >> crowned literature of England Copernicus: The father of modern astronomy Vesalius <Fabrica> marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy () founder of modern medicine

 Aldus

Manutius: foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli :Father of political science Vosari <Lives of the Artists> 1492, ColumbusAmerica 1487,Diasthe cape of good hope 1497,da Gamathe route to India round the Cape of Good Hope

Division Five: The Seventeenth Century

17 Copernicus <The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs> Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine Kepler Keplers Law (the three laws of planetary motion) the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newtons discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo <Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger)> acceleration in dynamics, the law of inertia, the law of falling bodies Newton <Mathematical Priciples of Natural Philosophy>

Leibniz <New Essays Concerning Human Understanding> Distinguishes three levels of understanding: selfconscious()conscious( )unconscious/subconscious () caculus Milton Areopagitica<Paradise lost> English revolution Bacon <The Advancement of Learning> <Essays> Knowledge is power deductive method inductive method Hobbes <Leviathan> Materialist (knowledge come from experience) Social Contract monarchy

 Locke

<Treatises of Civil Government> Materialist views (ideas derived from sensation or from reflection) Social Contract Cromwell John Milton Cromwell the man of action John Milton: the man of thought <Paradise Lost><Paradise Regained> <Agonistes> <Areopagiltica> ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer

Descartes <Rules for the Direction of the Mind><Discourse on Method> Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France

Corneille <Le Cid> Racine <Andromaque><Phaedra> the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre Moliere <Tartuffe><Misanthrope> <LAvare> the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum 1689the Bill of Rightsthe Parliament Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre St. Pauls Cathedral

Division Six : The Age of Enlightenment the age of reason 18th century intellectual movement starting from France the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Lockes materialist theory and Newtons theory of gravitation Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophers

 18

1.The American War of Independence 1776ended British colonial rule over the U.S. <The Declaration of Independence> 2.The French Revolution1789ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792 <Declaration of the Rights of Man>

French Philosophy and Literature Montesquieu <Persian Letters> <the Spirit of the laws>Separation of powers Voltaire <Candide> most famous of his novels <Lettres Philosophiques> Rousseau <the Social contract> <the confessions> <The Origin of Human Inequality> one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment Diderot <Encyclopedie> <Elements of Physiology ><Philosophical Thoughts>

English Literature Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet <Essay on Criticism> Defoe: one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England <Robinson Crusoe> Swift : the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time <A modest Proposal> <Gulliver travels>

 Henry

Fielding : Father of the English novel <The history of Tom Jones><a foundling> Samuel Richardson: The founder of English domestic novel <Pamela>
Samuel

Johnson: editor of <A Dictionary of the English Language> 18 The Tatler The Spectator, Addison Steele

German Literature and Philosophy Lessing <laocoon><Minna Von Barnhelm> German dramastist German classicism Goethe <Faust> <the sorrows of young Werther><Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets Schiller <The Robber><Cabal and love> <Wallenstein><Wilhelm Tell> a founder of modern German literature

 Kant:

Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis <General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> <Critique of pure reason><Critique of practical reason><Critique of Judgment>

The Musical Enlightenment J. S. Bach: Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment Handel <Messiah> being his crowning masterpiece Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best

The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820 Haydn <String Quartets><Symphonies> Classical period Viennese school Mozart <Choral Music><Concertos><Operas><Symphonies> Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music

Division Seven: Romanticism

Romanticism

late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book <The Wealth of Nations>, which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.

 Romanticism

in Germany The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress The Jena School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and Tieck Heine: <Book of Songs><Die Lorelei> 1836<<>>

Romanticism in England Blake: <Songs of Innocence><Songs of Experience><Preface to Milton> The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge <Lyrical Ballads> Byron: <Don Juan> is considered his masterpiece <Isles of Greece> the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny Shelley <Ode to the West Wind> <Prometheus Unbound> noted for his lyrics Keats <Ode to a Nightingale><Ode on a Grecian Urn>famous for his sonnets Walter Scott <The Heart of Mid-lothian><Ivanhoe>

Romanticism in France Chateaubriand :<Genius of Christianity><Atala><Rene> Victor Hugo: 1827<Preface to Cromwell> <Notre Dame de Paris> <Les Miserables> The greatest poet of his day George Sand:<Indiana>

Romanticism in Italy Manzoni: <The Betrothed> Leopardi: <To Sylvia> he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism

Romanticism in Russia Russia Romanticism began that wayadapting French plays and translating German and English poetry Pushkin: <Euslan and Liudmila><Boris Godunov>(van) a Byronic character his masterpiece is <Eugene Onegin> Lermontov:<A hero of Our Time> draws a fine portrait of Pushkin

 Romanticism

in Poland

Adam

Mickiewicz: <Ballads and Romances> beginning of Polish Romanticism <Pan Tadeusz> is hismasterpiece

Art and Architecture Goya Spanish: painter and etcher() <The Parasol><The Execution of the Third of May><Family of Charles IV><Saturn Devouring his Children> David: French Painter <The Death of Socrates><The Death of Marat> Delacroix <The Massacre at Chios><Dante and Virgil> Gericault French painter<Raft of Madusa> Turner English landscape painter Constable English landscape painter Turner and Constable

 Music

Beethoven() German Composer <Symphony No. 6 (Pastoral> marked the beginning of 19th century programme music SchubertAustrian composer ChopinPolish composer Schumann() German composer MendelssohnGerman composer

BerliozFrench composer LisztHungarian composer WagnerGerman composer BrahmsGerman composer TchaikovskyRussian composer

Division Eight: Marxism and Darwinism

Marxism and

Darwinism The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy: Hegelian dialectics Feuerbachs materialism

Marxist Philosophy Dialectical materialism Historical materialism English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics Surplus value was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marxs economic theory Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Robert Owen: English industrialist and social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon: French social philosopher Charles Fourier: French social philosopher

Darwinism As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton. Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject. However, he failed to produce any evidence, French naturalist Lyell English geologist

 Darwins

works and Theories: On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

The

Descent of Man

Realism arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France Realism in France Stendhal <the red and the black> <the charterhouse of Parma> Balzac Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac <The human comedy> <Le Pere Goriot> Flaubert he is often called the first French realist <Madame Bovary> Zora founder of the naturalist school <Les Rouge-Macquart> Maupassant <the necklace> <the piece of string>

Division Nine: Realism

Realism in Russia Gogol <Dead Souls> the first master of fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in <dead souls> <Shame>, and <hypocrisy> Turgenev the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West <Hunters Sketches><Nest of Gentlefolk><Father and Son> Dostoyevsky<The house of death><Crime and Punishment> <The Brothers Karamazov> Leo Tolstoy <War and Peace> <Anna Karenina> <Resurrection> Chekhov<The Seagull> <Uncle Vanya> <The Three Sisters> <The Cherry Orchard>

 Realism

in Northern Europe Ibsen <A dolls house> a plea for the emancipation of woman His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama Strindberg <The Son of a Servant><A Fools Defence><Alone> The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is <Master Olaf>

Realism in England This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria, Charles Dickens <David Copperfield> <Bleak House> <Hard Times>

George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME) <Middlemarch> is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century <The Mill on the Floss> Thackeray <Vanity Fair> Thomas Hardy <Far from the Madding Crowd><The Return of the Native><The Mayor of Casterbridge><Tess of the dUrberyvilles><Jude the Obscure> Bernard Shaw won the Nobel Prize in 1925 <Heartbreak House> <St. Joan><Man and Superman><The Doctors Dilemma><The Apple Cart> <Major Barbara><Pygmalion>

Realism in the United States Harriet Beecher Stowe: <Uncle Toms Cabin>greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes Walt Whitman: <Leaves of Grass><When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd> Considered to be the greatest of all American poets Mark Twain: <The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> a masterpiece of humour, characterization and realism, has been considered the first modern American novel <The Gilded Age><The Adventures of Tom Sawyer><The Prince and the Pauper> Henry James the master beyond all masters <The Portrait of a Lady>

 Art

Courbet French artist <The Stonebreakers> <Burial at Ornans> Millet French artist <The Sower><The Gleaner> Impressionism in Art Manet <The Luncheon on the Grass> <Foliers Bergers>

Monet <Impression: Sunrise>

Post-Impressionism in Art Paul Cezanne <The Boy in Red Vest> <Fruit Bowl><Glass and Apples> Van Gogh <Starry Night><Sunflower><The Night Caf> dutch painter Paul Gauguin <La Orana Maria><Vision after the Sermon> French painter

Division Ten: Modernism and Other Trends

Modernism and other trends also called the tradition of the new dehumanization of art originating from the end of 19th century Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century: Rontgen: the discovery of X-rays X

 Becquerel:

the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium Marie Curie: the discovery of radium Soddy: the discovery of isotopes Rutherford: the discovery of the atomic nucleus Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity

Contemporary Western Literature Eliot <The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock><Four Quartets><The Waste Land> Conrad <Lord Jim> polish novelist

Woolf <Mrs. Dalloway><To the Lighthouse><The Mark on the Wall>

English novelist Lawrence English writer considered one of the makers of modern English fiction <Lady Chatterleys Lover><Sons and Lovers><The Rainbow><Women in Love> <The Lost Girl> Yeats <Responsibilities><The Tower><The Winding Stair> Irish writer Joyce <Ulysses><Finnegans Wake><Dubliners><A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man> Irish writer Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement <Cantos> American poet Faulkner <The Sound and the Fury><As I Lay Dying> Hemingway <The Sun Also Rises><A Farewell to Arms><For Whom the Bell Tolls><The Old Man and the Sea>

Thomas Mann <The Buddenbrooks><The Magic Mountain> The most influential and representative German author of his time Gide <The Counterfeiters> French writer Proust <Remembrance of Things Past> French novelist Albert Camus <The Stranger> French novelist Gorky<Mother><Childhood><MyApprenticeship> <My University> The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century Sholokhov <The Quiet Don> soviet author

 Literature

and Philosophy Since 1945 Angry Young Men in England Amis <Lucky Jim> Osborne <Look Back in Anger> Beat Generation in America Ginsberg <Howl> Kerouac <On the Road>

Roman (New Novel) Robber-Griller <Erasers><LaJalousie><Last Year at Marienbad> Sarraute <Portrait of a Man Unknown> The Theatre of the Absurd Beckett <Waiting for Godot>Irish writer Ionesco <The Bald Prima Donna> French writer Black Humour Heller <Catch-22)
Nouveau