Packet Synchronization and Oscillators V4

Packet Based Synchronization
Training Session
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Overview
Drivers for Packet based synchronisation
Traditional Vs Packet based synchronisation

PTP and NTP Related Standards Oscillator requirements for Packet based synchronisation
Time Division Multiplexing

In order to assign more than one subscriber to one or two pairs of cable wire, each subscriber is allocated a particular time slot (channel) for sending and receiving information.
Central Office
SLIC CODEC
125s
Tx0
Time Slot 0
125s Tx1
SLIC CODEC
125s
Time Slot 1
CH0
CH1
CH31
CH0
E1 Stream of information
Time Slot 31 SLIC CODEC

125s Tx31
Time Slot (Channel) : for an established conversation, 8 bits of information (voice sample) are transmitted during a specific time slot. To maintain voice quality, voice samples HAVE to be transmitted every 125s, regardless of the number of channels in the stream
TDM World to Packet World

Time Division Vs Statistical
Efficient and low cost
No perfect synchronization required

Bursty traffic like email or internet traffic Higher level flow control like pause frames
Layer 2 - 7 DATA PHY Layer PHY Layer Layer 2 - 7 DATA
+/-100ppm
XO
XO
+/-100ppm
Mobile Backhaul is most affected

Requirements for Air interface & Backhaul
16ppb for network and 50ppb for air interface E1/T1 connections provided synchronization
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2G
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) To CO
4G
Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
3G
Base Transceiver Station To ISP (BTS) (Node B ) ) (RNC ) (SGSN(GGSN ) Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) Base Station Controller (BTS) To CO
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) aturday, 31 August 2013
SyncE and Timing over Packets

SyncE Extending traditional Sync to Ethernet
Point to point physical layer technology Transfers frequency
1GbE PHY ZL30106 PRS
Data
1GbE PHY ZL30106
Data
1GbE PHY ZL30106 1GbE PHY ZL30106 1GbE PHY ZL30106
BITS/SSU
SyncE DPLL
SyncE DPLL
SyncE DPLL
Synchronous Ethernet
Timing over packet network

Data Packets
1GbE PHY ZL30106 Server ToP Engine PRS PLL +/-100 ppm
Timing Packets
1GbE PHY ZL30106
Timing Packets
1GbE PHY ZL30106
Timing Packets
1GbE PHY ZL30106 Slave ToP Engine PLL
+/-100 ppm
PLL BITS/SSU
Timing Distribution Using ToP

Saturday, 31 August 2013 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 6
Packet timing
Precision Time Protocol (IEEE 1588) and Network Time Protocol (NTP) Both uses Time Stamps
Time encoded in packets when they leave interface
Slave Master t1
(t 2 t1) (t 4 t 3) 2 (t 2 t1) (t 4 t 3) 2
t2
t3
Round Trip Delay = Offset =
t4
Protocol ensures the flow of time stamps and is standard

Algorithm handles and generates clocks and is proprietary
Phase and Time are known

Saturday, 31 August 2013
Since there is two way transfer, the round trip delay is known
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 7
Types of PTP Clocks

Grand Master, Boundary Clock, Transparent Clock & Ordinary Clock
GRAND Ordinary Clock
Clock Recovery methods

Filtering of significant instances inputs to filter
For Physical clocks

The transitions on the physical line
For Packet clocks

The packet arrival times The time stamps at the source and destination
Master
1 t1=4 Sync message containing an approximation of t1 t2=11 Follow_Up message containing the precise sending time (t1)
Slave
6
t -t =Delay+Offset 2 1 t -t =Delay-Offset 4 3 Offset=[(t -t )-( t -t )]/2 2 1 4 3 Delay=[(t -t )+( t -t )]/2 2 1 4 3 In this example
10
15
Delay_Req message t4=17 20 Delay_Resp message containing t4
t3=20
Delay = 2 Offset = 5
25
What is fundamentally different?

The pdf (Probability Distribution function)
Is Stationary in nature (Defined mean and variance) for physical clocks
Packet based significant events Packet delay variation Not stationary
10
Selected packets as significant events

Packets with minimal delay
Selected for filtering
Networks are required to meet performance conditions

1% of the timing packets sent by the packet master remain in the 150 s fixed cluster range, starting at the floor delay in every observation window of 200 s.
1 Delay
0 0 -1 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
150 S
-2
-3
Floor Delay
-4
200s
200s
Time
200s
200s
200s
11
Challenges
Packet Clock Recovery Challenges
Master Accuracy Timing Packet Rates Number of nodes from Master to Slave Packet Size mix in the network Queuing techniques in Switches & Routers Underlying transport mechanism (DSL, Microwave) Asymmetry of the network (Fibre delays) Incomplete Standards bodies directions
Many current implementations are on field trials
12
Standards Activities
PEC Packet Equipment Clock
On Path Support / Aware All intermediate nodes BC/SyncE

Category
PEC with Frequency, Phase/Time (Unaware Networks) Various network configurations PEC Frequency ONLY (No On-Path Support / Unaware Networks) G.8261 and G.8261.1 (Timing and synchronization aspects in packet networks (frequency)) PEC with Phase/Time (With On-Path Support / Aware) G.8271 (Time and phase synchronization aspects in packet networks)
Network Limit
Implementations with 1. 5 switch, no SyncE 2. 10 switch + 10 SyncE

No Standards available
Equipment Limit
G.8263.1 [Master] G.8263.2 [Slave]
Proprietary implementations
Packet Master and Slave Performance guidelines
G.8272 [PRTC] G.8273.1 [Master] G.8273.2 [BC w/SyncE] G.8723.2 [BC wo/SyncE] G.8273.3 [TC] G.8273.4 [Slave]
13
Traditional filtering Vs packet clocks

Traditional Stratum 3 filters are 0.1 Hz to 10z
Time constants
1 2 f
are 0.01s to 1.6s
Packet Clocks has narrower filters due to nature of significant events 1mHz to .05mHz or lower!
Time constants are 160 seconds to 54 minutes
This means the PLL control will change the output at a lower rate 54 minutes
F(t) PLL F(t) 63%
t
Impact of the Oscillator

XO
Phase detector & Low Pass Filter
DCO
Stratum 3 time constant is ~2 seconds

The oscillator has not much effect
Packet clocks have time constant of, say, 54 minutes

The oscillator has big effect especially temperature changes A change of 0.5C/min is about 30C!
F v T performance and Aging directly impacts the packet based clocks

Temperature effects of Oscillators

Voltage Tune Output
f f +10 ppm 250C

-450C +1000C
T
Crystal Oscillator (XO)

Temperature Sensor Compensation Network or Computer
-10 ppm
-450C
f f
+1 ppm +1000C
T
XO
-1 ppm
Temperature Compensated (TCXO)

Oven Oven control XO Temperature Sensor
-450C
f f
+1 x 10-8 -1 x 10-8
+1000C
T
Oven Controlled (OCXO)

Oven Control methods

-40C
f (LTP)
Oven temperature variation due to external temperature change
85C
Frequency
Oven Set Point
f (UTP)
-40C
Lower Turnover Point (LTP)
Temperature
Upper Turnover Point (UTP)
85C
17
PDV filtering with Various Oscillator types

Oscillator Noise - XO PDV of Network + Filter Filter =
PLL Output Noise
Oscillator Noise - TCXO

PDV of Network PLL Output Noise
+
Filter Filter
Oscillator Noise -OCXO

PDV of Network + Filter
PLL Output Noise = Filter

Oscillator dependence
Free-run Accuracy
The accuracy of an PEC without using an input reference Oscillator error due to all error sources in the frequency domain The amount of wander generated by the PEC when locked to an ideal reference Oscillator noise measured in the time domain using MTIE & TDEV metrics The stability of an PEC when after losing lock to its input reference Oscillator drift due to ageing, temperature, voltage and other effects measured in the frequency domain
Wander Generation
Holdover Stability
Oscillator noise effect on frequency

The frequency accuracy of the system is directly impacted by (Oscillator related)
Temperature variations Ageing of the oscillator Loop bandwidth
Eg. An oscillator with temperature stability 100ppb, ageing 10ppb/24 hours.

Assuming the loop bandwidth is small enough not to remove the ageing effect, we can approximate a 5 day frequency stability as:
100ppb + 5 days * 10ppb = 150ppb is the worst case stability after 5 days
20
Stratum Hierarchy
Stratum 3E
Mercury
12ppb
Pluto
Stratum 3
Saturday, 31 August 2013 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
370ppb
21
Oscillator impact on Phase

Phase error is accumulation of frequency error
F1
F2
Phase Error
Phase is polynomial of degree 2

F1
F1
F2
F2
Constant frequency difference

t
t
22
Linear frequency difference
Impact of Slope Spec on Phase

90
Slope spec has parabolic effect on Phase

Phase and Frequency (F1)
25
80 20
70
60 15 50 F1
40
Time to reach limit = 550s
F2 F1 Phase 10 F2 Phase
30
20
Time to reach limit = 1550s
Phase and Frequency (F2) Phase

10
Error Limit
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001100120013001400150016001700180019002000210022002300240025002600270028002900
23
Effect Slope Spec of Oscillator

The OCXO1 is better than OCXO2, because of slope spec
-40
OCXO2
85 OCXO1
Temp window of operation

Rakon Standards Efforts ITU T

Contribute to ITU with a temperature profile
Oscillator output variations within G.8263 limits To be added as an appendix in the next release
Limited temperature excursions

It is proposed therefore that a limit of +/-20C movement at (0.5C/min or 1C/min as required) be taken to cover both the external and internal environmental effects.
tL T ts tL T/ t
tL tL
tL
Where ts is the test stabilisation time, tL is the time required for the loop to recover, T is the maximum temperature excursion, T/ t is the ramp rate
Mercury G.8263 Compliant*

* When the temperature profile is applied
26
Rakon Standards Efforts d

The d parameter
Used to be historically mentioned in standards without mention of how to measure. Rakon supported to get rid of this in new G.8263 Enables Mercury to comply with G.8263 holdover requirements
27
Rakon Standards Efforts Others

The following contributions are under consideration
Rakon supports the Wander generation specification

to be adjusted for 11ppb including the temperature efforts, from the current 10ppb Gives a bit more room for the loop
Oscillator start up conditions for PDV tolerance testing

Appendix I of G.8263 about PDV tolerance testing methodology may contain the following text
The recommended oscillator startup considerations may be consulted before the testing of the PDV tolerance starts.
28
Suggested Selection Table

Oscillator Type Rakon Oscillator Family Oscillator Parameters Time to reach phase error limit with +/-20 temperature variation @ 10C/hour 1S 3 S 7 S Total Phase movement 24 Hours (Constant Temp) <1 3 50 50 $10x $4x $2.5 x $1.5 x Cost Indicator
Freq v Temp Daily Ageing OCXO OCXO Traditional St 3E OCXO New Technology St 3E OCXO OCXO(Restricted Temp Range St 3E) Low Power OCXO TCXO ROX Stratum 2 ROX Stratum 2 STP Family 0.1ppb 0.05ppb/day 0.5ppb 0.1ppb/day 5ppb 1ppb/day
12 Hours 3 Hours 30 min 30 min
48 hours 12 Hours 2 Hours 2 Hours
144 Hours 36 Hours 4 Hours 4 Hours
Mercury Dual Chip
5ppb 1ppb/day 30 min 2 Hours 4 Hours 50 $x
Mercury G.8263
5ppb 1ppb/day 20 Min 35 Min 10 Min 55 Min 15 Min 100 1000 $0.5x $0.25x
Mercury Pluto /Pluto+
10ppb 2ppb/day 100ppb 40ppb/day 5 Min
29
Summary
Technology change from Circuit Switched to packet switched networks Challenges for Synchronization Methods for Packet Synchronization Importance of Oscillators on Packet Synchronization
30
The End
Thank you
31

Packet Synchronization and Oscillators V4

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Packet Synchronization and Oscillators V4

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Packet Based Synchronization

Traditional Vs Packet based synchronisation

Time Division Multiplexing

Time Slot 31 SLIC CODEC

TDM World to Packet World

No perfect synchronization required

Mobile Backhaul is most affected

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) To CO

Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) aturday, 31 August 2013

SyncE and Timing over Packets

1GbE PHY ZL30106

Timing over packet network

Timing Distribution Using ToP

Round Trip Delay = Offset =

Protocol ensures the flow of time stamps and is standard

Phase and Time are known

Types of PTP Clocks

Saturday, 31 August 2013

Clock Recovery methods

For Physical clocks

For Packet clocks

Delay_Req message t4=17 20 Delay_Resp message containing t4

Saturday, 31 August 2013

What is fundamentally different?

Packet based significant events Packet delay variation Not stationary

Saturday, 31 August 2013

Selected packets as significant events

Networks are required to meet performance conditions

0 0 -1 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Saturday, 31 August 2013

Many current implementations are on field trials

Saturday, 31 August 2013

On Path Support / Aware All intermediate nodes BC/SyncE

Implementations with 1. 5 switch, no SyncE 2. 10 switch + 10 SyncE

G.8263.1 [Master] G.8263.2 [Slave]

Packet Master and Slave Performance guidelines

Saturday, 31 August 2013

Traditional filtering Vs packet clocks

are 0.01s to 1.6s

Impact of the Oscillator

Phase detector & Low Pass Filter

Stratum 3 time constant is ~2 seconds

Packet clocks have time constant of, say, 54 minutes

F v T performance and Aging directly impacts the packet based clocks

Temperature effects of Oscillators

f f +10 ppm 250C

Crystal Oscillator (XO)

Temperature Compensated (TCXO)

Oven Controlled (OCXO)

Oven Control methods

Oven Set Point

Lower Turnover Point (LTP)

Upper Turnover Point (UTP)

Saturday, 31 August 2013

PDV filtering with Various Oscillator types

PLL Output Noise

Oscillator Noise - TCXO

Oscillator Noise -OCXO

PLL Output Noise = Filter

Saturday, 31 August 2013

Oscillator noise effect on frequency

Eg. An oscillator with temperature stability 100ppb, ageing 10ppb/24 hours.