Bohr model and electron configuration

Mrs. A. Kay Chem 11

Bohrs Model
Why dont the electrons fall into the nucleus? Move like planets around the sun. In circular orbits at different levels. Amounts of energy separate one level from another.

Bohrs Model
Nucleus
Electron Orbit

Energy Levels

Bohr postulated that:

Fixed energy related to the orbit Electrons cannot exist between orbits The higher the energy level, the further it is away from the nucleus An atom with maximum number of electrons in the outermost orbital energy level is stable (unreactive)

How did he develop his theory?

He used mathematics to explain the visible spectrum of hydrogen gas http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistr y/essentialchemistry/flash/linesp16.swf

High Low energy energy Radio Micro Infrared Ultra- XGamma waves waves . violet Rays Rays Low High Frequency Frequency Long Short Wavelength Wavelength Visible Light

The line spectrum

electricity passed through a gaseous element emits light at a certain wavelength Can be seen when passed through a prism Every gas has a unique pattern (color)

Line spectrum of various elements

Bohrs Triumph
His theory helped to explain periodic law Halogens are so reactive because it has one e- less than a full outer orbital Alkali metals are also reactive because they have only one e- in outer orbital

Drawback
Bohrs theory did not explain or show the shape or the path traveled by the electrons. His theory could only explain hydrogen and not the more complex atoms

Fifth
Increasing energy Fourth

Third
Second

First

Further away from the nucleus means more energy. There is no in between energy Energy Levels

The Quantum Mechanical Model

Energy is quantized. It comes in chunks. A quanta is the amount of energy needed to move from one energy level to another. Since the energy of an atom is never in between there must be a quantum leap in energy. Schrdinger derived an equation that described the energy and position of the electrons in an atom

Atomic Orbitals
Principal Quantum Number (n) = the energy level of the electron. Within each energy level the complex math of Schrdinger's equation describes several shapes. These are called atomic orbitals Regions where there is a high probability of finding an electron

S orbitals
1 s orbital for every energy level 1s 2s 3s

Spherical shaped Each s orbital can hold 2 electrons Called the 1s, 2s, 3s, etc.. orbitals

P orbitals
Start at the second energy level 3 different directions 3 different shapes Each orbital can hold 2 electrons

The p Sublevel has 3 p orbitals

The D sublevel contains 5 D orbitals

The D sublevel starts in the 3rd energy level 5 different shapes (orbitals) Each orbital can hold 2 electrons

The F sublevel has 7 F orbitals

The F sublevel starts in the fourth energy level The F sublevel has seven different shapes (orbitals) 2 electrons per orbital

Summary
Sublevel # of shapes (orbitals) Max # of electrons
Starts at energy level

s p d f

1 3 5 7

2 6 10 14

1 2 3 4

Electron Configurations
The way electrons are arranged in atoms. Aufbau principle- electrons enter the lowest energy first. This causes difficulties because of the overlap of orbitals of different energies. Pauli Exclusion Principle- at most 2 electrons per orbital - different spins

Electron Configurations
First Energy Level only s sublevel (1 s orbital) only 2 electrons 1s2 Second Energy Level s and p sublevels (s and p orbitals are available) 2 in s, 6 in p 2s22p6 8 total electrons

Third energy level s, p, and d orbitals 2 in s, 6 in p, and 10 in d 3s23p63d10 18 total electrons Fourth energy level s,p,d, and f orbitals 2 in s, 6 in p, 10 in d, and 14 in f 4s24p64d104f14 32 total electrons

Increasing energy

7s 6s 5s 4s

7p 6p 5p 4p 3p

6d 5d 4d

5f

4f

3d

3s 2p 2s 1s

Electron Configuration
Hunds Rule- When electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy they dont pair up until they have to .

Increasing energy

7s 6s 5s 4s

7p 6p 5p 4p 3p

6d 5d 4d

5f

4f

3d
The first to electrons go into the 1s orbital Notice the opposite spins only 13 more

3s 2p 2s 1s

Increasing energy

7s 6s 5s 4s

7p 6p 5p 4p 3p

6d 5d 4d

5f

4f

3d
The next electrons go into the 2s orbital only 11 more

3s 2p 2s 1s

Increasing energy

7s 6s 5s 4s 3s 2s 1s

7p 6p 5p 4p

6d 5d 4d

5f

4f

3d

3p The next electrons go into the 2p orbital 2p only 5 more

Increasing energy

7s 6s 5s 4s 3s 2s 1s

7p 6p 5p 4p

6d 5d 4d

5f

4f

3d

3p The next electrons go into the 3s orbital 2p only 3 more

Increasing energy

7s 6s 5s 4s 3s 2s 1s

7p 6p 5p 4p 3p 2p

6d 5d 4d

5f

4f

3d The last three electrons go into the 3p orbitals. They each go into separate shapes 3 unpaired electrons 1s22s22p63s23p3

Orbitals fill in order

Lowest energy to higher energy. Adding electrons can change the energy of the orbital. Half filled orbitals have a lower energy. Makes them more stable. Changes the filling order

Write these electron configurations

Titanium - 22 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2 Vanadium - 23 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3 Chromium - 24 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4 is expected But this is wrong!!

Chromium is actually
1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 Why? This gives us two half filled orbitals. Slightly lower in energy. The same principal applies to copper.

Coppers electron configuration

Copper has 29 electrons so we expect 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9 But the actual configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 This gives one filled orbital and one half filled orbital. Remember these exceptions

Great site to practice and instantly see results for electron configuration.

Practice
Time to practice on your own filling up electron configurations. Do electron configurations for the first 20 elements on the periodic table.