Fasiha Saeed

Regulatory gene: Directs the formation of repressor substance which can block the expression of structural gene. Operator gene : It is the control sequence of DNA where the Product of regulatory gene binds. Structural gene: Operon: The genes for a particular pathway/metabolic process are clustered together on the chromosome, in a unit.

 The expression of the structural genes is not only influenced by the presence or absence of the inducer, it is also controlled by a specific regulatory gene. The regulatory gene may be next to or far from the genes that are being regulated. The regulatory gene codes for a specific protein product called a REPRESSOR

 Product of regulatory gene. Protein in nature Responsible for induction and repression of enzymes Activated repressor protein binds to a specific DNA segment called operator gene.

The lactose operon contains three structural genes that code for enzymes involved in lactose metabolism. The lac z gene codes for -galactosidase, an enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. The lac y gene codes for a permease, which is involved in uptake of lactose. The lac a gene codes for a galactose transacetylase. These genes are transcribed from a common promoter into a polycistronic mRNA, which is translated to yield the three enzymes.

 The regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes is by 3 mechanisms 1. Transcriptional control (Induction , Repression) 2. Transcriptional termination control 3. Post-Translational control (Inhibition , Activation)

 Expressor protein product of regulatory gene Role of expressor protein is to either increase the recognition of operons promotor by RNA Polymerase or to enable RNA Polymerase to continue transcription Example catabolite Repression Operons

 Catabolite repression is generally seen in those operons which are involved in the degradation of compounds used as a source of energy. E.coli fulfill energy requirement by catabolism of various carbohydrate. Only glucose can be utilize directly. Presence of glucose no need of any other carbohydrate and movement by flagella. When glucose is present other genes are switched of due to catabolite repression.

 Since the role of the CAP-cAMP complex is to turn on transcription this type of control is said to be POSITIVE CONTROL. The consequences of this type of control is that to achieve maximal expression of a catabolite repression sensitive operon, glucose must be absent from the environment and the inducer of the operon must be present. If both are present, the operon will not be maximally expressed until glucose is metabolized. Obviously, no expression of the operon will occur unless the inducer is present.

 Occurs between the transcription of mRNA and its translation into protein.

Examples are inverted repeats and hair pin formation.

 RNA Polymerase transcribed the IR producing a hair pin transcript. Hairpin form RNA polymerase pause. RNA Polymerase release transcript after the enzyme has stopped at hair pin. Rho factor

 Prokaryotes control the activity of a protein after it has been translated. Feed back inhibition Allosteric control

 occurs when an end product synthesized after a chain of anabolic pathways becomes an inhibitor that binds at allosteric site of the first enzyme . The enzyme no longer can bind the substrate at its active site. The metabolic pathway is then switch off and can no longer produce the end products.

Activity enhanced--------- activator Activity decreased--------------- inhibitor Shape change Prevention of substrate attachment Allosteric Transformation Allosteric Effectors