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GRINDING MACHINE
BY

I.MOUNIKA 11761AO319

DEFINITION:
Grinding is a process of removing material by the abrasive action of a revolving wheel on the surface of a work piece, in order to bring it to the required shape and size.

COMMON FORMS OF ABRASIVE TOOL :

The abrasive tools are four types: Stones and sticks Coated abrasives Polishing grains Grinding wheels

STONES AND STICKS:

Abrasive grains are bonded together in the form of stones and sticks of various shapes and sizes. These tools are vastly used in hand sharpening of tools, cleaning , polishing and hand finishing of various components like dies, jigs , moulds , etc.

COATED ABRASIVES:
These products are made in various forms like sheets, strips, belt, dics , etc. A single layer of abrasive grains is applied on a backing of paper or cloth by means of a suitable adhesive or bond, like glue or resin . coated abrasives are used for polishing outside and inside surfaces of machined articles ,removing burns on casting and similar other purposes.

POLISHING GRAINS:
These are loose grains of abrasives and are coated with abhesive on the periphery of flexible wheel bodies made of cloth or leather. These wheels are used in a finished operation called lapping.

GRINDING WHEELS:
These wheels are made of abrasive grains, held together by means of a suitable binding material called drag. They are used in the machining operation known as GRINDING.

WHEEL MATERIAL:ABRASIVE: It is that material of the grinding wheel which does the cutting action. BOND:

This material of the grinding wheel acts as a blinder to hold the abrasive grains together.

COMMON WHEEL SHAPES:

WORKING PRINCIPAL:

MAIN PARTS OF A GRINDER:

Bed Hydraulic system Wheel head spindle cross feed Table hand traverse mechanism Tail stock Electricals Table Wheel head Head stock Coolant system Electricals

MAIN PARTS IN GRINDING:

BED: The bed assembly consists of two members, front and rear , Securely fastened together. THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM: Longitudinal traverse of the table Rapid advance and withdrawal of wheel head Slow traverse and work feed Interlocking of power and hand table traverse mechanisms

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WHEEL HEAD: The wheel head is mounted on widely spaced guide ways having a large bearing surface. HEAD STOCK: The head stock is the driving unit of the machine . The head stock spindle is mounted on taper roller bearing and ball bearing . The two speed electric motor is installed on the head stock .The head stock drive has no gear trains . This arrangement ensures smooth work rotation and consequently, high accuracy of grinding and a fine finish. THE TAIL STOCK: When grinding heavy work pieces, in addition to the constant action of a spring, the clamping force may be increased by the hand wheel.

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COOLANT SYSTEM: To cool the work piece during grinding operation, the machine is provided with an electric coolant pump which delivers coolant from the reservoir located in the base. The coolant pump starts automatically when wheel head spindle rotation is switched on. The coolant flow may be regulated or shut off by turning the coolant cock handle. ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT: The machine is generally equipped with four three-phase asynchronous squirrel-case electric motors for 220/380 volts, 50 cycles power supply.

TYPES OF GRINDING MACHINE:

Belt grinder bench grinder cylindrical grinder Surface grinder Tool and cutter grinder Jig grinder Gear grinder

BELT GRINDER:
Belt grinder, which is usually used as a machining method to process metals and other materials, with the aid of coated abrasives. Sanding is the machining of wood; grinding is the common name for machining metals. Belt grinding is a versatile process suitable for all kind of applications like finishing, de burring and stock removal.

BENCH GRINDING:
Bench grinder, which usually has two wheels of different grain sizes for roughing and finishing operations and is secured to a workbench or floor stand. Its uses include shaping tool bits or various tools that need to be made or repaired. Bench grinders are manually operated.

CYLINDRICAL GRINDING:
Cylindrical grinder, which includes both the types that use centers and the center less types. A cylindrical grinder may have multiple grinding wheels. The work piece is rotated and fed past the wheel(s) to form a cylinder. It is used to make precision rods, tubes, bearing races, bushings, and many other parts.

SURFACE GRINDING:
Surface grinder which includes the wash grinder. A surface grinder has a "head" which is lowered, and the work piece is moved back and forth past the grinding wheel on a table that has a permanent magnet for use with magnetic stock. Surface grinders can be manually operated or have CNC controls.

TOOL AND CUTTER GRINDER:

Tool and cutter grinder and the D-bit grinder. These usually can perform the minor function of the drill bit grinder, or other specialist tool room grinding operations.

JIG GRINDING:
Jig grinder, which as the name implies, has a variety of uses when finishing jigs, dies, and fixtures. Its primary function is in the realm of grinding holes and pins. It can also be used for complex surface grinding to finish work started on a mill.

GEAR GRINIDING:
Gear grinder, which is usually employed as the final machining process when manufacturing a high-precision gear. The primary function of these machines is to remove the remaining few thousandths of an inch of material left by other manufacturing methods (such as gashing or hobbing ).

ADVANTAGES:
1. the number of classifier is small, lower investment. 2. the production operation is easy, the adjustment is simple. 3. there is no intermediate segment and between segments product transport, multi-mill series, can be set at the same level, the device configuration is simple. 4. a grinding section will not stop grinding to another section of the work, less downtime losses. 5.the series installation of larger equipment.

The disadvantages are:

1. Grinding machine feed size range wide, reasonable outfit ball difficulties. 2. It is not easy to get a fine final product, grinding efficiency is low.