Chapter 2 Mole & Formulas

Formulas, Compounds, and The Mole
Calculations
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Counting Atoms
Mg burns in air (O2) to produce white magnesium oxide, MgO. How can we figure out how much oxide is produced from a given mass of Mg?
Copyright 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to:Permissions Department, Harcourt BraceBrace & Company, 6277 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt & Company All rights reserved Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777
Counting Atoms
Chemistry is a quantitative science we need a counting unit. The MOLE 1 mole is the amount of substance that contains as many particles (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12.0 g of 12C.
Particles in a Mole
Avogadros Number
6.0221367 x
Amedeo Avogadro 1776-1856
23 10
Particles in a Mole
Avogadros Number
6.0221367 x
Amedeo Avogadro 1776-1856
23 10
There is Avogadros number of particles in a mole of any substance.
Molar Mass
1 mol of 12C = 12.00 g of C = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of C 12.00 g of 12C is its MOLAR MASS Taking into account all of the isotopes of C, the molar mass of C is 12.011 g/mol
Molar Mass
1 mol of 12C = 12.00 g of C = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of C
12.00 g of 12C is its MOLAR MASS

Taking into account all of the isotopes of C, the molar mass of C is 12.011 g/mol
Find molar mass from periodic table

13 Al 26.9815
atomic number symbol atomic weight
PROBLEM: How many moles are represented by 0.200 g of Mg?

Mg has a molar mass of 24.3050 g/mol.

1 mol 0.200 g = 8.23 x 10-3 mol 24.31 g

1 mol 0.200 g = 8.23 x 10-3 mol 24.31 g
How many atoms in this piece of Mg?

1 mol 0.200 g = 8.23 x 10-3 mol 24.31 g

23 6.022 x 10 atoms 8.23 x 10-3 mol 1 mol

1 mol 0.200 g = 8.23 x 10-3 mol 24.31 g

23 6.022 x 10 atoms 8.23 x 10-3 mol 1 mol
= 4.95 x 1021 atoms Mg

Device for Remembering How to Do Mass/Mole Calculations

MW
=
mass # moles
mass
# moles MW MW
mass MW
# moles mass
=
# moles
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLAR MASS

Molecular weight is the sum of the
atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule.
Molar mass = molecular weight in

grams
Copyright 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to:Permissions Department, Harcourt BraceBrace & Company, 6277 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt & Company All rights reserved Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777
What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O?

1 mol contains
2 mol C (12.01 g C/1 mol) = 24.02 g C
6 mol H (1.01 g H/1 mol) = 6.06 g H

1 mol O (16.00 g O/1 mol) = 16.00 g O
TOTAL = molar mass = 46.08 g/mol

Tylenol
Formula = C8H9NO2 Molar mass = 151.2 g/mol

How many moles of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
(a) Molar mass of C2H6O = 46.08 g/mol (b) Calc. moles of alcohol
How many moles of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
(a) Molar mass of C2H6O = 46.08 g/mol (b) Calc. moles of alcohol
21.3 g 1 mol = 0.462 mol 46.08 g
How many molecules of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 0.462 mol of C2H6O.
How many molecules of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 0.462 mol of C2H6O.
6.022 x 1023 molecules 0.462 mol 1 mol
= 2.78 x 1023 molecules
How many atoms of C are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 2.78 x 1023 molecules. Each molecule contains 2 C atoms. Therefore, the number of C atoms is
How many atoms of C are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 2.78 x 1023 molecules. Each molecule contains 2 C atoms. Therefore, the number of C atoms is
2 C atoms 23 2.78 x 10 molecules 1 molecule
= 5.57 x 1023 C atoms
Empirical and Molecular Formulas

A pure compound always consists of the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight. Therefore, we can express molecular composition as PERCENT BY
WEIGHT
Copyright 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to:Permissions Department, Harcourt BraceBrace & Company, 6277 Sea Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt & Company All rightsDrive, reserved Harbor Orlando, Florida 32887-6777
Empirical and Molecular Formulas

A pure compound always consists of the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight. Therefore, we can express molecular composition as PERCENT BY
WEIGHT
Ethanol, C2H6O 52.13% C, 13.15% H, 34.72% O
Percent Composition
Consider some of the family of nitrogenoxygen compounds: NO2, nitrogen dioxide and closely related, NO, nitrogen monoxide (or nitric oxide)
Structure of NO2 Chemistry of NO, nitrogen monoxide

Percent Composition
Consider NO2, Molar mass = ? What is the weight percent of N and of O?
Percent Composition
14.0 g N Wt. % N = 100% = 30.4 % 46.0 g NO2
Percent Composition
14.0 g N Wt. % N = 100% = 30.4 % 46.0 g NO2
Wt. % O 2 (16 . 0 g O per mole ) x 100 % 69 . 6% 46 . 0 g
Percent Composition
14.0 g N Wt. % N = 100% = 30.4 % 46.0 g NO2
Wt. % O 2 (16 . 0 g O per mole ) x 100 % 69 . 6% 46 . 0 g
What are the weight percentages of N and O in NO?

Determining Formulas
In chemical analysis we determine the % by weight of each element in a given amount of pure compound and derive the EMPIRICAL or SIMPLEST formula.
PROBLEM: A compound of B and H is

81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?
A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

Because it contains only B and H, it must contain 18.90% H. In 100.0 g of the compound there are 81.10 g of B and 18.90 g of H. Calculate the number of moles of each constitutent.

Calculate the number of moles of each element in 100.0 g of sample.
1 mol 81.10 g B = 7.502 mol B 10.81 g

Calculate the number of moles of each element in 100.0 g of sample.
1 mol 81.10 g B = 7.502 mol B 10.81 g 1 mol 18.90 g H = 18.75 mol H 1.008 g

Now, recognize that atoms combine in the
ratio of small whole numbers.

1 atom B + 3 atoms H --> 1 molecule BH3
or 1 mol B atoms + 3 mol H atoms ---> 1 mol BH3 molecules Find the ratio of moles of elements in the compound.

Take the ratio of moles of B and H. Always
divide by the smaller number.

18.75 mol H 2.499 mol H 2.5 mol H = = 7.502 mol B 1.000 mol B 1.0 mol B

18.75 mol H 2.499 mol H 2.5 mol H = = 7.502 mol B 1.000 mol B 1.0 mol B
But we need a whole number ratio. 2.5 mol H/1.0 mol B = 5 mol H to 2 mol B
EMPIRICAL FORMULA = B2H5

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula?
Is the molecular formula B2H5, B4H10, B6H15, B8H20, etc.?
B 2H 6
B2H6 is one example of this class of compounds.

We need to do an EXPERIMENT to find the MOLAR MASS. Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol Compare with the mass of B2H5 = 26.66 g/unit Find the ratio of these masses.
We need to do an EXPERIMENT to find the MOLAR MASS.
Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol

The mass of B2H5 = 26.66 g/unit Find the ratio of these masses.
53.3 g/mol 2 units of B2H5 = 26.66 g/unit of B2H5 1 mol
We need to do an EXPERIMENT to find the MOLAR MASS.
Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol

The mass of B2H5 = 26.66 g/unit Find the ratio of these masses.
53.3 g/mol 2 units of B2H5 = 26.66 g/unit of B2H5 1 mol
Molecular formula = B4H10

Determine the formula of a compound of Sn and I using the following data.

Reaction of Sn and I2 is done using excess Sn. Mass of Sn in the beginning = 1.056 g Mass of iodine (I2) used = 1.947 g Mass of Sn remaining = 0.601 g See p. 139
Tin and Iodine Compound

Find the mass of Sn that combined with 1.947 g I2. Mass of Sn initially = 1.056 g Mass of Sn recovered = 0.601 g Mass of Sn used = 0.455 g Find moles of Sn used:

Find the mass of Sn that combined with 1.947 g I2. Mass of Sn initially = 1.056 g Mass of Sn recovered = 0.601 g Mass of Sn used = 0.455 g Find moles of Sn used:
1 mol -3 0.455 g Sn = 3.83 x 10 mol Sn 118.7 g

Now find the number of moles of I2 that combined with 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn. Mass of I2 used was 1.947 g.

1 mol -3 1.947 g I2 = 7.671 x 10 mol I2 253.81 g

1 mol -3 1.947 g I2 = 7.671 x 10 mol I2 253.81 g

This is equivalent to 2 x 7.671 x 10-3 or 1.534 x 10-2 mol iodine atoms

Now find the ratio of number of moles of moles of I and Sn that combined.

4.01 mol I = 1.00 mol Sn 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn
1.534 x 10
-2
mol I

4.01 mol I = 1.00 mol Sn 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn
1.534 x 10
-2
mol I
Empirical formula is SnI4
Hydrated Compounds
Compounds which water molecules are associated with the ions of the compound Usually determine experimentally Weigh the hydrated product dry by heat weigh the anhydrous product convert g to moles find mole ratio

Chapter 2 Mole &amp; Formulas

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Chapter 2 Mole &amp; Formulas

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Formulas, Compounds, and The Mole

There is Avogadros number of particles in a mole of any substance.

12.00 g of 12C is its MOLAR MASS

Find molar mass from periodic table

atomic number symbol atomic weight

PROBLEM: How many moles are represented by 0.200 g of Mg?

PROBLEM: How many moles are represented by 0.200 g of Mg?

PROBLEM: How many moles are represented by 0.200 g of Mg?

PROBLEM: How many moles are represented by 0.200 g of Mg?

How many atoms in this piece of Mg?

PROBLEM: How many moles are represented by 0.200 g of Mg?

How many atoms in this piece of Mg?

PROBLEM: How many moles are represented by 0.200 g of Mg?

How many atoms in this piece of Mg?

= 4.95 x 1021 atoms Mg

Device for Remembering How to Do Mass/Mole Calculations

MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLAR MASS

Molar mass = molecular weight in

What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O?

6 mol H (1.01 g H/1 mol) = 6.06 g H

TOTAL = molar mass = 46.08 g/mol

Formula = C8H9NO2 Molar mass = 151.2 g/mol

= 2.78 x 1023 molecules

= 5.57 x 1023 C atoms

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Structure of NO2 Chemistry of NO, nitrogen monoxide

What are the weight percentages of N and O in NO?

PROBLEM: A compound of B and H is

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

1 mol 81.10 g B = 7.502 mol B 10.81 g

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

ratio of small whole numbers.

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

divide by the smaller number.

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

divide by the smaller number.

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

divide by the smaller number.

EMPIRICAL FORMULA = B2H5

B2H6 is one example of this class of compounds.

Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol

Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol

Molecular formula = B4H10

Determine the formula of a compound of Sn and I using the following data.

Tin and Iodine Compound

Tin and Iodine Compound

1 mol -3 0.455 g Sn = 3.83 x 10 mol Sn 118.7 g

Tin and Iodine Compound

Tin and Iodine Compound

1 mol -3 1.947 g I2 = 7.671 x 10 mol I2 253.81 g

Tin and Iodine Compound

1 mol -3 1.947 g I2 = 7.671 x 10 mol I2 253.81 g

Tin and Iodine Compound

Tin and Iodine Compound

4.01 mol I = 1.00 mol Sn 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn

Tin and Iodine Compound

4.01 mol I = 1.00 mol Sn 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn

Empirical formula is SnI4

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Chapter 2 Mole & Formulas

Chapter 2 Mole & Formulas