Chapter 12: Data Structures

Presentation slides for

Java Software Solutions

Foundations of Program Design

Third Edition by John Lewis and William Loftus

Java Software Solutions is published by Addison-Wesley
Presentation slides are copyright 2002 by John Lewis and William Loftus. All rights reserved. Instructors using the textbook may use and modify these slides for pedagogical purposes.

Data Structures
Now we explore some convenient techniques for organizing and managing information Chapter 12 focuses on:
collections Abstract Data Types (ADTs) dynamic structures and linked lists queues and stacks non-linear data structures predefined collection classes

Collections
A collection is an object that serves as a repository for other objects A collection usually provides services such as adding, removing, and otherwise managing the elements it contains Sometimes the elements in a collection are ordered, sometimes they are not

Sometimes collections are homogeneous, sometimes the are heterogeneous

Abstract Data Types

Collections can be implemented in many different ways

An abstract data type (ADT) is an organized collection of information and a set of operations used to manage that information The set of operations defines the interface to the ADT
As long as the ADT fulfills the promises of the interface, it doesn't really matter how the ADT is implemented Objects are a perfect programming mechanism to create ADTs because their internal details are encapsulated
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Abstraction
Our data structures should be abstractions

That is, they should hide unneeded details

We want to separate the interface of the structure from its underlying implementation This helps manage complexity and makes it possible to change the implementation without changing the interface

What do we mean by makes it possible to change the implementation without changing the interface?
Why is changing the implementation without changing the interface desirable?

What about a stack?

Is a stack an Abstract Data Type (ADT) with a collection of data and operations that are allow on the data? How many operations can we legally perform to manipulate a stack? push & pop Do we care about how these operations are implemented? We only care about the what, not about the how!

A set of operations defines the interface to the ADT. What are they for a stack?

Static vs. Dynamic Structures

A static data structure has a fixed size

This meaning is different from the meaning of the static modifier (variable shared among all instances of a class)
Arrays are static; once you define the number of elements it can hold, the number doesnt change A dynamic data structure grows and shrinks at execution time as required by its contents A dynamic data structure is implemented using links
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Object References
Recall that an object reference is a variable that stores the address of an object A reference also can be called a pointer References often are depicted graphically:

student

John Smith 40725 3.58

References as Links
Object references can be used to create links between objects Suppose a Student class contains a reference to another Student object

John Smith 40725 3.57

Jane Jones 58821 3.72

Note Janes null pointer.

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References as Links
References (pointers) can be used to create a variety of linked structures, such as a linked list:

studentList

info
next Figure 12.1

info
next

info
next

info
null

A linked list
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Intermediate Nodes
The objects being stored should not be concerned with the details of the data structure in which they may be stored For example, the Student class should not have to store a link to the next Student object in the list Instead, we can use a separate node class with two parts:
1) a reference to an independent object and 2) a link to the next node in the list

The internal representation becomes a linked list of nodes

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Magazine Collection
Lets explore an example of a collection of Magazine objects The collection is managed by the MagazineList class, which has an private inner class called MagazineNode Because the inner class MagazineNode is private to MagazineList, the MagazineList methods can directly access MagazineNode data without violating encapsulation 1st - see MagazineRack.java (page 641) 2nd - see Magazine.java (page 644) 3rd - see MagazineList.java (page 642)

Fig. 12.2 inserting new node into list

A method called insert could be defined to place a node anywhere in the list, for example to keep it sorted Inserting a node into the middle of a list list info info info info

next

next
info next insert this new node

next

null

Fig. 12.3 - deleting a node from a list

A method called delete could be defined to remove a node from the list Deleting a node from a list list info info info info info

next

next

next

next

null

What must we be careful of when deleting a node? (Hint: what could we lose?)

Fig 12.4 - doubly linked list

It may be convenient to implement as list as a doubly linked list, with next and previous references A doubly linked list

list

info next null

info next prev

info next prev

info next prev

info null prev

What is contents of the first nodes prev pointer ?

What does a doubly linked list allow ?

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Fig. 12.5 - list with front & rear references

It may be convenient to use a separate header node, with a count and references to both the front and rear of the list

header node list

count: 4 front rear

list with front and rear references

info
next

info
next

info
next

info
null

What will this structure allow to occur quicker than without rear pointer?

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Other Dynamic List Implementations

A linked list can be circularly linked -last node in the list points to the first node in the list If the linked list is doubly linked, the first node in the list also points to the last node in the list Discuss example implementing priority control of resource allocation i.e., CPU time sharing via circular queue

Dynamic Implementations

The representation should facilitate the intended operations and should make them easy to implement.

Classic Data Structures

Classic linear data structures include queues and stacks

Classic nonlinear data structures include trees, binary trees, graphs, and digraphs

Fig. 12.6 a queue data structure

A queue is similar to a list but adds items only to the rear of the list and removes them only from the front It is called a FIFO data structure: First-In, First-Out Analogy: a line of people at a movie ticket window enqueue dequeue

last item in, last item out

first item in, first item out

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Queues
We can define the operations for a queue
enqueue - add an item to the rear of the queue dequeue (or serve) - remove an item from the front of the queue empty - returns true if the queue is empty

As with our linked list example, by storing generic Object references, any object can be stored in the queue Queues often are helpful in simulations or any situation in which items get backed up while awaiting processing (Jobs waiting their turn to be processed.)
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Queues
A queue can be represented by a singly-linked list. Operationrs: enqueue add an item to rear dequeue remove an item from front empty returns true if queue is empty Is it more efficient if the references point from front to the rear?

Two representations of same queue

rear info4
null info4

info3
next info3

info2
next info2

front info1
next info1

queue

queue

next rear

next

next

null front

Queues
A queue can be represented by an array What may happen as queue grows via enqueue with no immediately occurring dequeues?

Stacks
A stack ADT is also linear, like a list or a queue

Items are added and removed from only one end of a stack
It is therefore LIFO: Last-In, First-Out Analogies:
a stack of plates in a cupboard a stack of bills to be paid a stack of hay bales in a barn

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Fig. 12.7 stack data structure

Stacks often are drawn vertically:

push

pop

last item in, first item out

first item in, last item out

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Stacks
Some stack operations: push - add an item to the top of the stack pop - remove an item from the top of the stack peek (or top) - retrieves the top item without removing it empty - returns true if the stack is empty A stack can be represented by a singly-linked list; it doesnt matter whether the references point from the top toward the bottom or vice versa A stack can be represented by an array, but the new item should be placed in the next available place in the array rather than at the end of the array (What can happen with an array implementation?) 26

Stacks
The java.util package contains a Stack class

Like ArrayList operations, the Stack operations operate on Object references

See (not during class) Decode.java (page 649) which reverses the strings in a message. The words in the message are separated by a single space. The Stack class is used to push the characters of the word onto the stack and then pops the characters out in reverse order.

Decode.java
Decode.java reverses the strings in a message

reverse a string
push 5 S m a 1 2 pop

tramS
3
2 1

Smart
3
4 5

r t

Fig 12.8 - Trees

A tree is a non-linear data structure that consists of a root node and potentially many levels of additional nodes that form a hierarchy Nodes that have no children are called leaf nodes Non-root and non-leaf nodes are called internal nodes root node imagine an upside down tree internal nodes

A tree data structure leaf nodes Tree can represent inheritance relationship between classes.

Organization chart represented via a tree data structure

president VP
mgr

root node
VP
mgr

VP

VP
mgr

mgr

leaf nodes

Binary Trees
A binary tree is defined recursively. Either it is empty (the base case) or it consists of a root and two subtrees, each of which is a binary tree Binary trees and trees typically are represented using references as dynamic links, though it is possible to use fixed representations like arrays root node

leaf nodes

Fig. 12.9 - graph

A graph is a non-linear structure (also called a network) Unlike a tree or binary tree, a graph does not have a root no primary entry point. Any node can be connected to any other node by an edge Can have any number of edges and nodes

Analogy: the highway system connecting cities on a map

a graph data structure

Fig. 12.10 - digraphs

Each edge of directed graph or digraph has a specific direction denoted by arrows. Edges with direction sometimes are called arcs Analogy #1: airline flights between airports (see below) Analogy #2: Solution to a problem (on board miles on arcs) C D a directed graph E Y A X F L J N P

B
R W S airline routes represented via digraph What else could be provided?

Graphs and Digraphs

Both graphs and digraphs can be represented using dynamic links or using arrays.

As always, the representation should facilitate the intended operations and make them convenient to implement

Collection Classes
The Java standard library contains several classes that represent collections, often referred to as the Java Collections API. (API Application

Programmer Interface)

Java Collections API supports the organization and management of data. Their underlying implementation is implied in the class names such as ArrayList and LinkedList Several interfaces are used to define operations on the collections, such as List, Set, SortedSet, Map, and SortedMap Set a collection of items with no duplicates. Map group of items that can be referenced by a key value.

Summary
Chapter 12 has focused on:
collections Abstract Data Types (ADTs) dynamic structures and linked lists queues and stacks non-linear data structures predefined collection classes