By:A.K.SAHU, Sr.Engineer(T&C)
1. PROTECTION SYSTEM: A COMPLETE ARRANGEMENT OF PROTECTION EQUIPMENT AND OTHER DEVICES REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE A SPECIFIED FUNCTION BASED ON A PROTECTION PRINCIPLE. 2. PROTECTION EQUIPMENT: A COLLECTION OF PROTECTION DEVICES (RELAYS, FUSE ETC.) EXCLUDED ARE THE DEVICES SUCH AS CTs, PTs, CBs etc.
3. PROTECTION SCHEMES: A COLLECTION OF PROTECTION EQUIPMENT PROVIDING A DEFINED FUNCTION AND INCLUDING ALL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED TO SCHEME WORK.
RELIABILITY
SELECTIVITY
3.
4.
STABILITY
SPEED
5.
SENSITIVITY
THE PROTECTION SYSTEM PROVIDED REQUIRED TO BE HIGHLY RELIABLE FOR MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF SYSTEM. TODAYS SYSTEMS ARE VERY HUGE AND IN SUCH A HUGE SYSTEM, THE RISK OF OCCURRING OF FAULT CAN NOT BE IGNORED. THE PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST OPERATE TO ISOLATE THE FAULT RELIABLY IS UTMOST IMPORTANCE. ANY NON OPERATION MAY LEAD TO CATASTROPHIC CONSEQUENCE FOR POWER SYSTEM AND MAY LEAD TO MULTIPLE FAILURE. THUS PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST BE RELIABLE.
b. UNIT SYSTEM
THIS TERM APPLIED TO PROTECTION AS DISTINCT FROM THE POWER SYSTEM, REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF THIS PROTECTION SYSTEM TO REMAIN INERT TO ALL LOAD CONDITIONS AND FAULT
EXTERNAL (THROUGH FAULT) TO THE RELEVANT ZONE. THE SYSTEM MUST REMAIN STABLE IN CASE OF FAULTS OCCURRING OUTSIDE THE PROTECTED ZONE AND SHOULD NOT TRIP.
THE FUNCTION OF PROTECTION IS TO ISOLATE FAULTS FROM THE POWER SYSTEM IN MINIMUM POSSIBLE TIME TO LIMIT THE DAMAGE TO POWER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT THAT MAY BE GENERATORS, TRANSMISSION LINES, REACTORS, TRANSFORMER, BUS BARS ETC. THE OBJECT IS TO SAFEGUARD CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY BY REMOVING EACH DISTURBANCE BEFORE IT LEADS TO WIDESPREAD AFFECT IN THE POWER SYSTEM CAUSING MULTIPLE OUTAGES.
SENSITIVITY IS A TERM FREQUENTLY USED WHEN REFERRING TO THE MINIMUM OPERATING QUANTITY THAT MAY BE CURRENT, VOLTAGE OF A COMPLETE PROTECTION SYSTEM. THE PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST BE ABLE TO SENSE THE FAULT IN MINIMUM POSSIBLE VOLTAGE/CURRENT TO SUCCESSFULLY IDENTIFY THE FAULT AND ISOLATE THE SAME.
85% 12% 3%
100%
The probability of line faults caused by lightnings are 0,2-3 faults/ 100 km and year
Fault types
Transient faults are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85% lightnings are the most common reason can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines etc. will disappear after a short dead interval Persistent faults can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down can be a tree falling on a line must be located and repaired before normal service
Measuring Principles
Overcurrent protection Differential protection Phase comparison Directional- wave protection Distance protection
In EHV network, over current protection in the form of directional back up over current earth fault protection is used. This is basically important protection to clear high resistance earth fault which is otherwise not detected by distance protection.
This is a very fast and secure protection and is successful for very complex networks as well.
Its utility is well proven in case of series compensated lines as well which otherwise is difficult to set.
Uk
A
Uk=0
metallic fault
Zk Z<
Ik
ZL=R+jX
Z<
Z<
The line impedance may be converted to secondary values with the formula: VTsec x CTprim x Zprim Zsec= CT sec VTprim
But with advent of Numerical Technology it is no more necessary to specify the impedance in secondary value.
l
A
f 1 f 2
B
f 3
Z<
Z<
Z<
Z<
t
t3 t2 t1
EXTENSION UPWARDS AND TO THE RIGHT SHOULD ENCLOSE AS MUCH OF LINE IMPEDANCE AND ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE WITHOUT OVERREACH. REACH IN RESISTIVE DIRECTION SHOULD BE LARGE ENOUGH TO COVER LARGE RESISTANCE AND TO GET GOOD DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE BUT LIMITED TO AVOID UNWANTED TRIPPING IN CASE F POWER SWINGS , OVERREACH IN ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE IS SEEN WITH LARGE CAPACITIVE REACTANCE , SHORT TIME OVERLOADING.
YTG RELAYS
STATIC RELAYS:
MICROMHO RELAYS
OPTIMHO RELAYS
RAZFE RELAYS
LZ96 RELAYS
EPAC RELAYS
7SA513 REALYS
D30 RELAYS
NUMERICAL
RELAYS (LATEST GEN)
MICOM RELAYS
7SA522 RELAYS
D 90 RELAYS
2.Internal faults
3.External fault
Transformer protection
The protection of transformer can involve following separate or integrated protection systems Protection of winding Protection of Core Oil based protection system
CAG RELAYS
CDG RELAYS
CDD RELAYS
STATIC RELAYS:
RADHD
RADHA
RADHB
RAPDK3
7UT61X
RET 521
NUMERICAL
RELAYS (LATEST GEN)
MICOM RELAYS
CAG RELAYS
YTG RELAYS
STATIC RELAYS:
RADHD
RADHA
THR
RAKZB
7UT61X
RET 521
NUMERICAL
RELAYS (LATEST GEN)
MICOM RELAYS
Unit protection i.e. Phase comparison relays P-40. RALZB can not sense the faults in bus Zone.
Hence Bus Bar protection scheme is compulsorily provided on EHV sub-stations beyond 132kV Level.
Protection Requirement:
1. Speed is required for following reasons: a. Limitation of Consequential Damage b. Removal of Bus Faults in less time than could be achieved by Back up protection so as to maintain the system stability. The basis of most modern schemes is a differential system capable of operating in a time of the order of one cycle.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Generally has three cores Core-1 : Line Protection/Transformer Protection Core 2: Line Protection Core 3: Metering