MADE BY:AVI SINGH ASHISH YADAV MOHIT KAUSHAL BALWINDER SINGH TOOR AISHWARYA MAHAJAN

WHAT ARE LOGIC GATES

A logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, i.e. it performs a logical function on one or more logical inputs, and produces a single logical output.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Boolean algebra is the subarea of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 (respectively).

TYPES OF LOGIC GATES

BASIC GATES 1) AND GATE 2) OR GATE 3) NOT GATE UNIVERSAL GATES 1) NAND GATE 2) NOR GATE DERIVED GATES 1) XOR GATE 2) X-NOR GATE

AND Function
Text Description Output Y is TRUE if inputs A AND B are TRUE, else it is FALSE. Logic Symbol
A
AND

B
INPUTS OUTPUT

Truth Table

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

Y 0 0 0 1
AND Symbol

AND Gate Truth Table

Boolean Expression

Y = A x B = A B = AB

OR Function
Text Description Output Y is TRUE if input A OR B is TRUE, else it is FALSE. Logic Symbol
A B
INPUTS OUTPUT
OR

Truth Table

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

Y 0 1 1 1

OR Gate Truth Table

OR Symbol

Boolean Expression

Y=A+B

NOT Function (inverter)

Text Description Output Y is TRUE if input A is FALSE, else it is FALSE. Y is the inverse of A.

Logic Symbol

NOT

INPUT

OUTPUT

Truth Table

A 0 1

Y 1 0

NOT Gate Truth Table

Boolean Expression

NOT Bar

Alternative Notation

Y=A

Y = A Y = !A

NAND Function
Text Description Output Y is FALSE if inputs A AND B are TRUE, else it is TRUE.
A bubble is an inverter This is an AND Gate with an inverted output

Logic Symbol

A
NAND

B
INPUTS OUTPUT

Truth Table

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

Y 1 1 1 0

NAND Gate Truth Table

Boolean Expression

Y = A x B = AB

NOR Function
Text Description Output Y is FALSE if input A OR B is TRUE, else it is TRUE.
A bubble is an inverter. This is an OR Gate with its output inverted.

Logic Symbol

A
NOR

B
INPUTS OUTPUT

Truth Table

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

Y 1 0 0 0

NOR Gate Truth Table

Boolean Expression

Y=A+B

XOR Function
Text Description Output Y is TRUE if AND only if either input A OR B is TRUE. Logic Symbol

INPUTS

OUTPUT

Truth Table

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

Y 0 1 1 0

XOR Gate Truth Table

Boolean Expression

Y=

(A + B).A.B

X-NOR Function
Text Description Output Y is FALSE if AND only if either input A OR B is TRUE. Logic Symbol

INPUTS

OUTPUT

Truth Table

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

Y 1 0 0 1

NOR Gate Truth Table

Boolean Expression

Y=

A.B+A.B

DEMORGANS THEOREMS
DeMorgans Theorems are two additional simplification techniques that can be used to simplify Boolean expressions
A B A B A B A B
12

EXAMPLES OF AND GATE

Electronic door will only open if it detects a person and the switch is set to unlocked. Microwave will only start if the start button is pressed and the door close switch is closed.

EXAMPLES OF OR GATE
1) Two buttons to activate the same doorbell. Whether you push the button at the front door OR the one at the garage, the doorbell will ring. 2) Eight smoke sensors at the first floor activating one signal (8-inputs OR) Another eight sensors at the second floor activating another signal (8-inputs OR) 1st OR 2nd floor signals turn a light on in the panel. (2-inputs OR) That signal AND "bells on" switch on, sound a bell.

EXAMPLES OF NOT GATE

Microwave will stop if the door is not closed. House alarm will go off if the door is not closed. Traffic light will operate normally if it's not in maintenance mode.

EXAMPLES OF NAND GATE

(a) Burglar alarm When the switch is closed one input of the NAND gate is LOW. When the LDR is in the light the other input is LOW. This means that if either of these things happen, i.e. the switch is closed or the light is on one of the inputs is LOW, the output is HIGH and the buzzer sounds.

(b) Freezer warning buzzer When the thermistor is COLD its resistance is LARGE and the input to the NAND gate is high. Since the NAND gate is connected as an INVERTER the output is LOW. As the thermistor warms up its resistance decreases, the voltage across it falls and the input to the NAND gate falls. When it becomes low enough the output becomes HIGH and the buzzer sounds.

EXAMPLES OF XOR GATE

One practical use is for lights with multiple switches. If you switch the light at either place, the current state of the light will change. If both the switches are at 0, then the lights are off. Once you switch the first switch to 1 the lights are turned on. When the second switch is turned on to 1 or the first switch is switched back off then the light would turn off again.

EXAMPLES OF XNOR GATE

One example of a XNOR gate in used is in a heat exchanger tank. In the tank, the water can not be too high or too low. There are sensors at both those points. When the water is in the correct range, it is only triggering the lower sensor so there is an input of 1 and 0. Since the output is 0 the alarm won't sound. However when the water is too high and both sensors are at one, or if it is too low and both sensors are at 0, the output will be 1 and the alarm will sound.

EXAMPLES OF NOR GATE

A washing machine has 3 sensors to check for washing machine lid open , washing tub filled to minimum level and weight of cloths and water in the tub. If the lid of the Washing machine is open or the water is below the minimum level or the washing machine has been overloaded the appropriate sensor generates an output of 1. The outputs of the three sensors are connected to the inputs of a 3-input NOR gate. During the normal operation of the Washing Machine all the sensors output a 0 The corresponding output of the NOR gate is a 1. an erroneous condition is detected by any one or more sensors, the corresponding sensor output(s) is set to 1, setting the NOR gate output to a 0