JM609

POWER TRANSMISSIONS MECHANISM

MOHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HUSAIN
04DEM10F 2007


BAB 4 : SHAFT AND AXLES



INTRODUCTION
In machinery, the general term shaft refers to a member,
usually of circular cross-section, which supports gears,
sprockets, wheels, rotors, etc., and which is subjected to
torsion and to transverse or axial loads acting singly or in
combination.
An axle is a non-rotating member that supports wheels,
pulleys, and carries no torque.
A spindle is a short shaft. Terms such as lineshaft,
headshaft, stub shaft, transmission shaft, countershaft, and
flexible shaft are names associated with special usage.


CONSIDERATIONS FOR SHAFT DESIGN

1. Deflection and Rigidity
(a) Bending deflection
(b) Torsional deflection
(c) Slope at bearings and shaft supported elements
(d) Shear deflection due to transverse loading of shorter
shafts
2. Stress and Strength
(a) Static Strength
(b) Fatigue Strength
(c) Reliability

CONSIDERATIONS FOR SHAFT DESIGN
The geometry of a shaft is that of a stepped cylinder bending.
Gears, bearings, and pulleys must always be accurately
positioned

Common Torque Transfer Elements

Keys
Splines
Setscrews
Pins
Press or shrink fits
Tapered fits





CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 6
Common Types of Shaft Keys.
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 7
Common Types of Shaft Keys.
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 8
Common Types of Shaft Pins.
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 9
Common Types of Shaft Pins.
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 10
Common Types of Retaining or Snap Rings.
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 11
Common Types of Splines.
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 12
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 13
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 14
Rigid Shaft Coupling.
The design of a shaft involves the study of
1.Stress and strength analyses: Static and Fatigue
2.Deflection and rigidity
3.Critical Speed

18-3 Strength Constraints
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 16
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 17
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
The stress at an element located
on the surface of a solid round
shaft of diameter d subjected to
bending, axial loading, and
twisting is











3 2
32 4
x
M F
d d
o
t t
= +
3
16
xy
T
d
t
t
=
Normal stress
Shear stress
Non-zero principal
stresses
1 2
2
2
,
2 2
x y x y
A B xy
o o o o
o o t
(
+
| | | |
= + (
| |
(
\ . \ .

CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 18
( )
1/2 1/2
2 2 2 2
1/2
2
2
3
' 3
4
' 8 48
A A B B x xy
M Fd T
d
o o o o o o t
o
t
( (
= + = +

(
= + +

( )
( )
1 2
2 2
max
1/2
2
2
max
3
1
4
2 2
2
8 64
A B
x xy
M Fd T
d
o o
t o t
t
t

= = +
(
= + +

Von Mises
stress
Maximum
Shear Stress
Theory
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 19
1/ 2
2 2
3
16
' 4 3 M T
d
o
t
(
= +

1/ 2
2 2
max
3
16
M T
d
t
t
(
= +

(6-41)
(6-42)
Under many conditions, the axial force F in Eqs. (6-37) and (6-38) is
either zero or so small that its effect may be neglected. With F = 0,
Eqs. (6-37) and (6-38) become

Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
Von Mises
stress
Maximum
Shear Stress
Theory
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 20
( )
( )
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
1/ 2
2 2
3
16
4 3
1 16
4 3
y
y
n
d M T
S
M T
n d S
t
t
(
= +
(
(

= +
( )
( )
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
1/ 2
2 2
3
32
1 32
y
y
n
d M T
S
M T
n d S
t
t
(
= +
(
(

= +
Von Mises
stress
Maximum
Shear Stress
Theory
(6-43)
(6-44)
Substitution of the allowable stresses from Eqs. 6-39 and 6-40 we find

(6-45)
(6-46)
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on Shaft
CH-18
LEC 29
Slide 21