RESPIRATION

1.1 HUMAN BREATHING

MECHANISM

HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM

Respiration = chemical process whereby energy is released from glucose or other simple substances
Glucose + oxygen energy + carbon dioxide + water

Oxygen taken into body when we breathe Glucose from food we eat Exchange of gases known as breathing -physical process, in which air is taken in or out by human body

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM

STRUCTURE OF LUNG

FLOW OF AIR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO THE LUNGS

Nostril

Nasal cavity

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveolus

THE BREATHING MECHANISM

Process of taking air into lung = inhalation Air enter lung = inhaled air Process of expelling air from lung = exhalation Air expelled from lung = exhaled air

INHALATION- BREATHING IN

EXHALATION- BREATHING OUT

Inhalation External intercostal muscles contract Rib cage moves upwards and outwards The diaphragm contracts and flatens The volume of the thoracic cavity increase The air pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases Air enters the lungs

Exhalation External intercostal muscles relax Rib cage moves moves downwards and inwards The diaphragm relaxes and curves upwards The volume of the thoracic cavity decrease The air pressure in the thoracic cavity inreases Air is forced out of the lungs

Bell jar = rib cage Balloons = lungs Rubber sheet = diaphragm When rubber sheet is pulled downwards, air pressure inside bell jar is lowered. Balloons expand When rubber sheet is pulled upwards, air pressure inside bell jar increased. Balloons contract

THE BREATHING MECHANISM

Glass tube
Bell jar Balloon expand Balloon contract

Rubber sheet

1.2 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN THE HUMAN BODY

 Involve

the following process

Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into blood capillaries Transport of oxygen by red blood cells Diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries into cells

Oxygen

diffuse from alveoli to the blood

capillary Carbon dioxide - diffuse from blood capillary to the alveoli

 Gaseous

exchange takes place in the lungs by

diffusion

DIFFUSION IS THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES

FROM A REGION WHERE THEY ARE HIGHLY CONCENTRATED TO A REGION WHERE THEY ARE
LESS CONCENTRATED.

Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into blood capillaries

An alveolus has adaptations to allow it to exchange gases effectively :

Large surface area

The wall of alveolus is one cell thick

Surround by a network of blood capillaries

Moist surface

 Inhaled

air rich in oxygen. The oxygen concentration in the alveolus is higher than the oxygen concentration in the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries. The difference in oxygen concentration makes the oxygen diffuse easily into the blood capillaries. -oxygen in the alveolus diffuses through the wall into the blood. -Carbon dioxide and water vapour diffuse from the blood into the alveolus.

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN BY BLOOD

The blood inside the capillaries contains red blood cells which are rich in substance called haemoglobin.
Oxygen then combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells and forms oxyhaemoglobin.

It is carried to the heart to be distributed to all the cells of the body.

DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN FROM THE CAPILLARIES TO THE BODY CELLS.

Oxygenated blood is sent to all the cells in the body by the network of blood vessels. When blood reaches the body cells, oxyhaemoglobin is broken down into haemoglobin and oxygen. The oxygen then diffuses through the walls of the capillaries into the cells. Oxygen is then used to oxidise food to release carbon dioxide during cell respiration. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the cell diffuse into the capillaries to be carried back to the lung.

IMPROTANCE OF HEALTHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

EFFECT OF SMOKE TO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Cigarette

smoke contains irritants chemical : A carcinogen - an agent directly involved in causing cancer. Nicotine cause addicted Carbon monoxide cause death Sulfur oxide acidic = damages lung tissues Tar blackens the lungs and causes them to be less efficient for gaseous exchange

BAHAN BAHAN LAIN YANG

MERBAHAYA

Hasil daripada sisa industri seperti:

Debu simen Debu arang Debu asbestos

Pencemaran daripada asap kenderaan\

Karbon monoksida Hidrokarbon- karsinogenik Nitrogen oksida hujan asid

MASALAH PERNAFASAN
Bronkitis - sejenis keradangan atau kerengsaan pada saluran pernafasan (tiub bronkiul) di dalam paru-paru. Asma - sejenis penyakit paru-paru yang terjadi akibat radang dan penguncupan saluran pernafasan. Kanser paru - paru