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  • Biodiversity Conservation

    Diunggah oleh

    Tanvir Manhotra
    110 tayangan21 halaman
    One of the most pressing environmental issues today is the conservation of biodiversity. Many factors threaten the world's biological heritage. The challenge is for nations, government agencies, organisations and individuals to protect and enhance biological diversity, while continuing to meet people's needs for natural resources. This challenge exists from local to global scales. If not met, future generations will live in a biologically impoverished world and perhaps one that is less capable of producing desired resources as well. Conserving biological diversity involves restoring, protecting, conserving or enhancing the variety of life in an area so that the abundance and distribution of species and communities provide for continued existence and normal ecological functioning, including adaptation and extinction. Today our biosphere is in danger of extinction for a variety of reasons like lack of conservation in ecological planning; and destruction of natural habitats as space is given over to either alternative uses or is over-exploited and polluted. It is reported that during the next 20to30 years, the world would lose more than a million species of plants and animals-primarily because of environmental changes brought about by human beings. This demands an urgent attention for the conservation of biosphere. The Global biodiversity assessment warns, "Unless actions are taken to protect biodiversity, we will lose forever the opportunity of reaping its full potential benefit to humankind." Effective and implementable methods of stopping further genetic erosion and fostering the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in mega biodiversity regions are the need of the hour. Efforts have been initiated to save biodiversity both by ex-situ and in-situ conservation. 2. What is biodiversity? Biological diversity - or biodiversity - is a term we use to describe the variety of life on Earth. It refers to the wide variety of ecosystems and living organisms: animals, plants, their habitats and their genes. Biodiversity is the foundation of life on Earth. It is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems which provide us with products and services without which we couldn’t live. Oxygen, food, fresh water, fertile soil, medicines, shelter, protection from storms and floods, stable climate and recreation - all have their source in nature and healthy ecosystems. But biodiversity gives us much more than this. We depend on it for our security and health; it strongly affects our social relations and gives us freedom and choice. Biodiversity is extremely complex, dynamic and varied like no other feature of the Earth. Its innumerable plants, animals and microbes physically and chemically unite the atmosphere (the mixture of gases around the Earth), geosphere (the solid part of the Earth), and hydrosphere (the Earth's water, ice and water vapour) into one environmental system which makes it possible for millions of species, including people, to exist. At the same time, no other feature of the Earth has been so dramatically influenced by man’s activities. By changing biodiversity, we strongly affect human well-being and the well-being of every other living creature. Biodiversity is everywhere. It occurs both on land and in water, from high altitudes to deep ocean trenches and it includes all organisms, from microscopic bacteria to more complex plants. Although many tools and data sources have been developed, biodiversity remains difficult to measure precisely. According to the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, the total number of species on Earth ranges from five to 30 million and only 1.7–2 million species have been formally identified. But we do not need precise figures and answers to devise an effective understanding of where biodiversity is, how it is changing over space and time, what are the drivers responsible for this change, its consequences for ecosystem services and human well-being, and the avai

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    One of the most pressing environmental issues today is the conservation of biodiversity. Many factors threaten the world's biological heritage. The challenge is for nations, government agencies, organisations and individuals to protect and enhance biological diversity, while continuing to meet people's needs for natural resources. This challenge exists from local to global scales. If not met, future generations will live in a biologically impoverished world and perhaps one that is less capable of producing desired resources as well. Conserving biological diversity involves restoring, protecting, conserving or enhancing the variety of life in an area so that the abundance and distribution of species and communities provide for continued existence and normal ecological functioning, including adaptation and extinction. Today our biosphere is in danger of extinction for a variety of reasons like lack of conservation in ecological planning; and destruction of natural habitats as space is given over to either alternative uses or is over-exploited and polluted. It is reported that during the next 20to30 years, the world would lose more than a million species of plants and animals-primarily because of environmental changes brought about by human beings. This demands an urgent attention for the conservation of biosphere. The Global biodiversity assessment warns, "Unless actions are taken to protect biodiversity, we will lose forever the opportunity of reaping its full potential benefit to humankind." Effective and implementable methods of stopping further genetic erosion and fostering the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in mega biodiversity regions are the need of the hour. Efforts have been initiated to save biodiversity both by ex-situ and in-situ conservation. 2. What is biodiversity? Biological diversity - or biodiversity - is a term we use to describe the variety of life on Earth. It refers to the wide variety of ecosystems and living organisms: animals, plants, their habitats and their genes. Biodiversity is the foundation of life on Earth. It is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems which provide us with products and services without which we couldn’t live. Oxygen, food, fresh water, fertile soil, medicines, shelter, protection from storms and floods, stable climate and recreation - all have their source in nature and healthy ecosystems. But biodiversity gives us much more than this. We depend on it for our security and health; it strongly affects our social relations and gives us freedom and choice. Biodiversity is extremely complex, dynamic and varied like no other feature of the Earth. Its innumerable plants, animals and microbes physically and chemically unite the atmosphere (the mixture of gases around the Earth), geosphere (the solid part of the Earth), and hydrosphere (the Earth's water, ice and water vapour) into one environmental system which makes it possible for millions of species, including people, to exist. At the same time, no other feature of the Earth has been so dramatically influenced by man’s activities. By changing biodiversity, we strongly affect human well-being and the well-being of every other living creature. Biodiversity is everywhere. It occurs both on land and in water, from high altitudes to deep ocean trenches and it includes all organisms, from microscopic bacteria to more complex plants. Although many tools and data sources have been developed, biodiversity remains difficult to measure precisely. According to the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, the total number of species on Earth ranges from five to 30 million and only 1.7–2 million species have been formally identified. But we do not need precise figures and answers to devise an effective understanding of where biodiversity is, how it is changing over space and time, what are the drivers responsible for this change, its consequences for ecosystem services and human well-being, and the avai

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PPT, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    110 tayangan21 halaman

    Biodiversity Conservation

    Diunggah oleh

    Tanvir Manhotra
    One of the most pressing environmental issues today is the conservation of biodiversity. Many factors threaten the world's biological heritage. The challenge is for nations, government agencies, organisations and individuals to protect and enhance biological diversity, while continuing to meet people's needs for natural resources. This challenge exists from local to global scales. If not met, future generations will live in a biologically impoverished world and perhaps one that is less capable of producing desired resources as well. Conserving biological diversity involves restoring, protecting, conserving or enhancing the variety of life in an area so that the abundance and distribution of species and communities provide for continued existence and normal ecological functioning, including adaptation and extinction. Today our biosphere is in danger of extinction for a variety of reasons like lack of conservation in ecological planning; and destruction of natural habitats as space is given over to either alternative uses or is over-exploited and polluted. It is reported that during the next 20to30 years, the world would lose more than a million species of plants and animals-primarily because of environmental changes brought about by human beings. This demands an urgent attention for the conservation of biosphere. The Global biodiversity assessment warns, "Unless actions are taken to protect biodiversity, we will lose forever the opportunity of reaping its full potential benefit to humankind." Effective and implementable methods of stopping further genetic erosion and fostering the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in mega biodiversity regions are the need of the hour. Efforts have been initiated to save biodiversity both by ex-situ and in-situ conservation. 2. What is biodiversity? Biological diversity - or biodiversity - is a term we use to describe the variety of life on Earth. It refers to the wide variety of ecosystems and living organisms: animals, plants, their habitats and their genes. Biodiversity is the foundation of life on Earth. It is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems which provide us with products and services without which we couldn’t live. Oxygen, food, fresh water, fertile soil, medicines, shelter, protection from storms and floods, stable climate and recreation - all have their source in nature and healthy ecosystems. But biodiversity gives us much more than this. We depend on it for our security and health; it strongly affects our social relations and gives us freedom and choice. Biodiversity is extremely complex, dynamic and varied like no other feature of the Earth. Its innumerable plants, animals and microbes physically and chemically unite the atmosphere (the mixture of gases around the Earth), geosphere (the solid part of the Earth), and hydrosphere (the Earth's water, ice and water vapour) into one environmental system which makes it possible for millions of species, including people, to exist. At the same time, no other feature of the Earth has been so dramatically influenced by man’s activities. By changing biodiversity, we strongly affect human well-being and the well-being of every other living creature. Biodiversity is everywhere. It occurs both on land and in water, from high altitudes to deep ocean trenches and it includes all organisms, from microscopic bacteria to more complex plants. Although many tools and data sources have been developed, biodiversity remains difficult to measure precisely. According to the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, the total number of species on Earth ranges from five to 30 million and only 1.7–2 million species have been formally identified. But we do not need precise figures and answers to devise an effective understanding of where biodiversity is, how it is changing over space and time, what are the drivers responsible for this change, its consequences for ecosystem services and human well-being, and the avai

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    dari 21

    A REPORT ON CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY TE-II: ELECTRONICS (ROLL NOS: 21,22,23,24,25)

    INTRODUCTION
    Biological diversity, abbreviated as biodiversity, represent the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and multi cellular organisms such as plants, fishes, and mammals at various biological levels including gens, habitats, and ecosystem .

    CONCEPT AND TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY


    Biodiversity is the variety of life forms on earth

    and the essential interdependence of all living things. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet.

    There are three types of biodiversity


    Diversity of Species
    Diversity of Ecosystem

    Diversity of Genes

    THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
    Habitat destruction
    Factors contributing to habitat loss are: overpopulation, deforestation, pollution and global warming or climate change

    Invasive species
    Species occupy new niches, substantially reducing diversity

    Genetic pollution
    Uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping threatening endemic species Overexploitation Overexploitation occurs when a resource is consumed at an unsustainable rate Hybridization: Hybridization has led to widespread genetic erosion and is a serious threat to food security

    Climate change Global warming is also considered to be a major threat to global biodiversity. For example coral reefs which are biodiversity hotspots- will be lost in 20 to 40 years if global warming continues at the current trend.
    Human overpopulation It is the biggest threat to biodiversity with world seeing population figures as high as 9 billion by end of 21st century

    WHY CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY


    Biological resources: Food Fuel Medicine Industrial Material

    Ecological services:
    Balance of nature Regulation of climate Degradation of waste Cleaning of air and water

    Cycling of nutrients
    Control of disease causing species Detoxification of soil and sediments

    Stabilization of land against erosion


    Maintenance of Soil fertility

    Social and Spiritual Benefits:


    Provides a sense of place Countries and states having flagship animals and plants Ecotourism Animals and plants having spiritual importance in many civilizations

    CONSERVATION STRATEGIES
    Expansion of the protected area network
    Conservation of important ecosystems and habitats for maintaining viable populations of species

    Population surveys and assessments and database creation Continuous monitoring to collect adequate data on species diversity, populations, location and extent of habitat, major threats to different species, etc.

    Mapping of forest types, protected areas, and natural forests It is important to generate maps of the protected areas of the country showing their contiguity with the existing reserve and protected forests Improved protection efforts and a landscape approach to conservation Integration of protected and non-protected areas through significant protection measures initiated at both the state and local community levels

    Legislation Enacting, strengthening and enforcing Environmental Legislation International conservation strategies
    The Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance

    BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
    Categories No. of Indian Species 386 % of Indian species Evaluated 59 Species Threatened In India 41% Mammals

    Birds

    1219

    7%

    Reptiles

    495

    73

    46%

    Amphibians

    207

    79

    57%

    Freshwater Fish

    700

    46

    70%

    In situ conservation
    In-situ conservation is on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations

    Ex situ conservation
    It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat

    Biodiversity Conservation

    In situ

    Ex situ

    Sacred groves and lakes

    Biosphere Reserves

    National parks, wildlife sanctuaries

    Sacred plant home garden

    Terrestrial

    Seed Bank, Gene bank, Cryopreservation

    Marine Botanical garden, Zoological garden, Aquaria

    Regular population-habitat viability and risk simulations Generation of computer models for regular population and habitat viability assessments Preservation plots conserving important floral species as well as for assessing ecological changes occurring in such areas over a period of time

    CONCLUSION
    Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity gets destroyed at this rate, then in near future, the survival of human being will be threatened. So, it is our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment. Longterm maintenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire landscapes. Biodiversity should be dealt with at scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species level.

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