Processing Data

DATA:
The collection of facts and figures is called data. For example names of students, address of employee, etc.
data is drive from datum which means facts. Data may be individual character, combination of characters, numbers, combination of characters and numbers, pictures, sound, movies, combination of two or more of above and so on Input given by the user is called data Data is raw material given to the computer by input devices
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INFORMATION:
Any type of proceed data is called information or the meaningful data is called information.

After processing the data it returns the information that is also called output .
Information is processed form of data for example Muhammad Ali, 8 , 614 , 700 , A1 is a form of data with five data items, while Muhammad Ali, a student of 8th class got 614 marks out of 700 and secured A1 grade is an information. Information is retuned by the computer through output devices

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View of the data by computer

For each type of data there are different types of input devices available to input that data to the computer Whatever type of data is computer views each type of data as numbers These numbers are binary numbers only We know that computer is electronic device and in electronics there are only two possible physical states ON and OFF Logically we refer these ON and OFF by numbers ON as 1 and OFF as 0

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View of the data by computer

When data is inserted into the computer, it is stored as a sequence of zeros and ones For computer physically these zero (OFF) and one (ON) is represented by tiny electronic switches These electronic switches are known as transistors Each electronic switch has two possible physical states ON (one) and OFF (0)

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Bits and Bytes

Each 0 and 1 called a bit in computers sense Bit is combination of binary digit Smallest recognizable piece of data for computer is a bit But meaningful piece of data is a byte which is combination of eight bits Because any character can be recognized by a computer by eight bits or a byte
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Bits and Bytes

Lets suppose A is recognized in computer as 65 or its binary value is 01000001 Actually it is combination of eight transistors as
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Transistors
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Text Codes
Text code is a standard way to code the data in bits It means that each character, symbol must have a standard binary code that can be recognized by programmers in any area of world There are various standard codes which are used time to time in computer systems Like BCD (Binary Coded Decimal), EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), ASCII (American Standard Code for Information interchange) and finally Unicode
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Text Codes
BCD: BCD defined by IBM for one of its early computers It used 6 bits to recognize a character Total of 64 distinguished characters could be recognized by this coding scheme, because 26 = 64 It could work only on upper case letters, numbers and some symbols
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Text Codes
EBCDIC: * This scheme used eight bits to code a single character * It could recognize 256 distinguished characters * It is still used in mainframe and minicomputers

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Text Codes
ASCII: * Now a days most common coding scheme being used in all type of computers is ASCII * It was presented by ANSI (American National Standard Institute) * There are two versions of ASCII one is standard ASCII that uses 7 bits among which 0-31 and 127 characters are control characters, 32 to 64 characters are special characters, 65 96 are upper case letters and some symbols and from 97 126 are lower case letters and some
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Text Codes
* The second version of ASCII is extended ASCII which uses 8 bits to recognize a character. * 0-127 are standard characters and from 128-255 are available foe other languages to include their character sets.

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Text Codes
ASCII Code 00000000 00001000 00001101 00011011 00100000 00100100 Decimal 0 8 13 27 32 36 Character NULL Back space Enter Escape Space $

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Text Codes
ASCII Code 00101000 00101011 00101110 00110001 00111001 00111011
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Decimal 40 43 48 49 57 59

Character ( + . 1 9 :
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Text Codes
ASCII Code 00111111 01000001 01011010 01011101 01100001 01111010 01111101 01111111
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Decimal Character 63 ? 65 A 90 Z 93 ] 97 a 122 z 125 } 127 delete

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Unicode
This scheme now will be the choice of most computer systems due to the development of the internet This uses 16 bits or two bytes to represent a character Total of 65,536 characters can be represented by this scheme This code is compatible with ASCII, first 256 characters are same as ASCII Other codes are available for any language to recognize their character sets Because 65,536 characters are enough to represent the character almost all of the languages of the world

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Memory Measuring Units

Bit: Bit is the smallest unit of storage which computer recognizes.

Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called nibble. The nibble is also

called half byte. Byte: A byte is a unit of storage, capable to accommodate one character. The character may be an alphabet ( A to Z or , a to z ) or number( 0 to 9) or a special character ( !, @, # , etc) . It consists of 8 bits. Word: Two consequent bytes (16 bits) are called Word.

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 Double Word: Four consequent bytes (32 bits) are called double word. Kilo Byte: Kilo Byte is a big unit of memory. It is represented by KB which contains 1024 bytes. i.e 1 KB =1024 Bytes 640 KB = 1024* 640 = 655360 bytes Mega Byte: Mega Byte is a largest unit of memory. It is represented by MB which contains 1024 KB.

i.e 1 MB =1024 KB
1 MB = 1024 * 1024 = 1048576 bytes
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 Gega Byte: It is very very big unit of storage capacity. It is represented by GB which contains 1024 MB. i.e 1 GB =1024 MB 1 GB = 1024 * 1024 *1024 = 1073741824 Tera Byte: Another huge measuring unit is called Tera byte. It is represented by TB which contains 1024 GB. i.e 1 TB =1024 GB

1 GB = 1024 * 1024 *1024 *1024 = 1099511627776

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