ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

Dr. Mukesh Saxena

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM DEHRADUN

ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
ALTERNATIVE FUEL CHARACTERISTICS EMERGING SCENARIO

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BACKGROUND
Need for Air quality improvement and Oil Conservation promoted use of AFVs AFVs increasing worldwide Implementation of Supreme Court Directive ensured NGVs in Delhi alone In India NGVs from gasoline engines and from diesel engines are already in use LPG Vehicles Ethanol blended gasoline fuel vehicles

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ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT FUELS?
NATURAL GAS LPG ETHANOL METHANOL DIMETHYL ETHER (DME) BIODIESEL FUEL CELL

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WHY ARE ALTERNATIVE FUELS IMPORTANT? Energy Independence Domestic Resources

Emissions

Generally reduced vehicular emissions Some offer potential to lower cost depending on resources

Fleet Operating Costs

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RESOURCES FOR PRODUCTION
Fuels Natural Gas LPG/Propane Methanol Resources Fossil fuel Natural gas, refinery by-product NG, Coal, Wood, garbage in land fills

Ethanol
DME Bio-diesel Hydrogen Electricity

Sugar cane, corn, mollases fermentation

NG, Coal, Syn gas Non-edible oil Electrolysis, HC fuels, Bio-mass Coal,natural gas, petroleum fuels, Hydro, wind, nuclear, battery, fuel cell

IC ENGINES FUELS: RESOURCE AND PRODUCTION

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ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

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ALTERNATIVE FUEL CHARACTERISTICS EMERGING SCENARIO

Fuel Properties

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CNG/LPG GENERAL PERFORMANCE EXCELLENT KNOCK RESISTANCE (HIGHER POWER AND EFFICIENCY). CNG: 80-90% METHANE LPG : 40-90% PROPANE LOW OZONE FORMING POTENTIAL. LOW EMISSION OF AIR-TOXIC. LOW COLD-START EMISSION. ZERO EVAPORATIVE EMISSION. REDUCED CATALYST DAMAGE REDUCED CO2 EMISSIONS

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Typical Mechanical CNG/LPG Bi-fuel Conversion

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Typical Electronic CNG/LPG Conversion

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CNG/LPG VEHICLE EMISSIONS

Numbers in g/mile NMHC CO NOX

Gasoline

CNG

LPG

0.36 8.25 1.50

0.20 0.03 1.15

0.21 2.55 0.67

CNG/LPG VEHICLE EMISSIONS (ECE R49 test cycle results)

Emission G/kWh NOx Diesel Euro II 7 Diesel Euro III 5 CNG Lean burn 1.0

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LPG Lean burn 1.5

HC
CO PM

1.1
4 0.15

0.66
2.1 0.10

0.2
0.1 < 0.05

0.25
0.1 < 0.05

METHANOL/ETHANOL GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

COMPATIBILITY WITH EXISTING VEHICLE. AS GASOHOL IN GASOLINE VEHICLES. FROM 0-100 % IN FLEXIBLE FUEL VEHICLES. FOR NEAT ALCOHOL (90%) ENGINE NEEDS MODIFICATIONS LIKE INCREASED STROKE/DECREASED BORE INCREASED COMPRESSION RATIO HEATED INTAKE AIR 25% INCREASE IN MAX. TORQUE AND 28% INCREASE IN MAX. POWER WITH M100. ETHANOL/GASOLINE BLEND BOOSTS OCTANE NUMBER REDUCED EXHAUST EMISSIONS

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ETHANOL EMISSIONS
Emission g/mile NMHC CO NOX Evaporative Losses g/test Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Buta 1,3-diene Benzene Conventional Gasoline 0.15 1.87 0.20 0.59 < 0.01 < 0.001 0.001 0.018 Ethanol (E85) 0.04 1.08 0.16 17.81 0.01 0.03 0.001 0.002

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ETHANOL EMISSIONS Emission G/mile CO NOx PM THC Diesel 4.92 7.16 1.23 0.33 Ethanol 13.33 4.9 0.35 13.33

Formaldehyde

0.04

0.15

BIODIESEL PERFORMANCE & EMISSIONS

FUEL: 20% RSME 80% DIESEL BLEND. ENGINE POWER ADJUSTED FOR SAME POWER OUTPUT. LOWER HC & CO AND HIGHER NOX EMISSIONS
Numbers in g/kWh HC CO NOX PM Diesel 2000 std. 1.1 4.5 8.0 0.36 RSME 0.8 4.3 10.4 0.3

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Emissions with different proportions of Bio-diesel

CO Emission
0

Change in CO Emission (%)

-5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 B100 B65 B35 B20

THC Emission
0

Change in THC Emission (%)

-5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 B100 B65 B35 B20

Emissions with different proportions of Bio-diesel

NOx Emission
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 B20 B35 B65 B100

Increase in NOx emission (%)

PM Emission
0

Change in PM Emission (%)

-10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 B100 B65 B20 B35

Emerging Technical Issues for Bio-diesels

Power loss Deterioration in fuel economy Increase in NOx emission Degradation of lube oil due to fuel dilution Deposit formation on engine critical components Failure of injection pump, and coke formation in injectors Incompatibility of biodiesel with certain elastomers

DME PERFORMANCE & EMISSIONS

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LOW PRESSURE HERMETICALLY SEALED COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM. BETTER POWER OUT PUT. FUEL CONSUMPTION OVER LOAD IS COMPARABLE TO DIESEL ULTRA LOW GASEOUS EMISSIONS. Numbers in Diesel India DME g/kWh 2000 std. HC 1.1 0.20 CO 4.5 2.17 NOX 8.0 3.85 PM 0.36 0.05 est.

Di-methyl Ether Fuel System

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FUEL EFFICIENCY AND ENGINE EMISSIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS

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120 100 80 60 40 20 0

DME

LPG

Methanol engine, elect. Control+oxicat

Diesel, Euro II engine

FC, kWh-fuel/kWh-engine

CO2

CNG

100

120

20

40

60

80

0
Die se l, Euro II e ngine Me thanol e ngine , e le ct. Control+oxicat LPG, uncontrolle d combustion LPG, le an burn

ENGINE EMISSIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS

PM
LPG, stoich.(TWC) DME, me chanical FIE

NO x

DME, e le ct.controlle d FIE CNG, uncontrolle d combustion

CNG, le an burn

CNG, stoich.(TWC)

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TANK AND FUEL WEIGHT OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Weight (tank+fuel) of refilled 300 lit tank, %

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140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

LP G E ) se l ha no po sit e (c om C N G M (s te ie D D el ) l et

Liquids, 1 bar

Liquified gas, 5 bar max.tank fill.80%

Gaseous, 200 bar

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DRIVING RANGE WITH ALTERNATIVE FUELS
120
Driving Range with refilled 300 lit tank, %

100 80 60 40 20 0 Diesel Methanol LPG DME CNG Bus Engine, FC = 35 lit Diesel/100 kmEngine Efficiencies = ECE R49 results

GREENHOUSE GASES AND RELATIVE WARMING EFFECTS

Gas Carbon dioxide CO2 Methane CH4 Nitrous oxide N2O Ozone O3 % warming contribution 50 18 8 4

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Relative Warming Factor 1 10-80 200-400 small

CFCs

20

10,000

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (BY SORCE)

Base Technology
Ethanol (1) Methanol/coal Methanol/NG LPG CNG Gasoline 400 600 800 1000 g/mi CO2 equiv. (1) CO2 from ethanol fermentation and combustion recycled to corn crop. 0 200 Methane Losses Production & Processing Transport & Distribution Vehicle Emissions

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (BY SORCE)

Advance Technology
Ethanol (1) Methanol/coal Methanol/NG LPG CNG Gasoline 400 600 800 1000 g/mi CO2 equiv. (1) CO2 from ethanol fermentation and combustion recycled to corn crop. 0 200 Methane Losses Production & Processing Transport & Distribution Vehicle Emissions

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EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Global Warming potential
Light Duty Vehicles (relative to gasoline) Heavy Duty Vehicles (relative to Diesel)

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Ethanol (E85)

Propane (LPG)

Natural Gas (CNG)

-10 to -15% +5%

Reformula Methanol ted (M85) Gasoline (RFG)

Similar Similar

-20 to -25% -2%

+21%

N/A

+20%

+49%

WHAT IS A FUEL CELL ?

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TYPES OF FUEL CELLS

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Phosphoric Acid Proton Exchange Membrane

Molten Carbonate
Solid Oxide Alkaline

Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Regenerative Fuel Cells

Schematic of PEM Fuel Cell

Schematic of FCV (Honda FCX)

FEATURES OF FUEL CELL

Fuel Cell System includesFuel Reformer & utilize

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Hydrogen from any Hydrocarbon Fuel:Natural Gas,Alcohols,Gasoline,Diesel,Gas from landfills.. Fuel Cell utilize Hydrogen as a fuel resulting into Zero Emission Vehicles Fuel cell produce lower Greenhouse Gases considering all emissions:resource,processing & use Fuel cell provide better Energy Security

Fuel Cell have wide range of Applications

Fuel Cell could create new markets More Research needed to bring down the costs such that

viable commercial fuel cell vehicles are available

ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

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EMERGING SCENARIO

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EMERGING SCENARIO: FUELS
Gasoline and diesel fuels will remain major source of energy and would continue to be used in future CNG holds the maximum promise Ethanol/Methanol has the availability problem while methanol is highly toxic. There potential to reduce global warming grim. Oxygenates to be used in gasoline will generally be in the class of ethers e.g. MTBE, TAME, ETBE etc. Use of alcohol-gasoline blend in catalytic converter equipped vehicles Use of biodiesels in the form of methylesters of nonedible oils may find limited application and their use as a high cetane blending component for diesel may be considered Application of DME as Fuel for Diesel Vehicles

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EMERGING SCENARIO: VEHICLES

Two Wheelers & Cars on alcohol-gasoline blends (M3 and E5) Cars, Taxis & Three Wheelers on CNG/ LPG

Buses, Trucks and LCVs on CNG/LPG

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EMERGING SCENARIO: POLICY/STRATEGY
Policy on Alternate Fuels application
Strategy for introduction of different Alternate Fuels based on local availability

Development of Alternative Energy sources and their infrastructure

Commission demonstration projects in

metropolitan and major cities Commission Surveys for Pollution Loading

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Thank You