4.

6 Moment due to Force Couples

A Couple is defined as two Forces having the same magnitude, parallel lines of action, and opposite sense separated by a perpendicular distance. In this situation, the sum of the forces in each direction is zero, so a couple does not affect the sum of forces equations A force couple will however tend to rotate the body it is acting on

Moment Due to a Force Couple

By multiplying the magnitude of one Force by the distance between the Forces in the Couple, the moment due to the couple can be calculated.

M = Fdc

The couple will create a moment around an axis perpendicular to the plane that the couple falls in. Pay attention to the sense of the Moment (Right Hand Rule)

Moment of a Couple
Two couples will have equal moments if F1d1 F2 d 2 the two couples lie in parallel planes, and

the two couples have the same sense or the tendency to cause rotation in the same direction.

Do example

Why do we use Force Couples?

The reason we use Force Couples to analyze Moments is that the location of the axis the Moment is calculated about does not matter The Moment of a Couple is constant over the entire body it is acting on Equivalent couples two couples that produce the same magnitude and direction (example).

Couples are Free Vectors

The point of action of a Couple does not matter The plane that the Couple is acting in does not matter All that matters is the orientation of the plane the Couple is acting in Therefore, a Force Couple is said to be a Free Vector and can be applied at any point on the body it is acting

Example: Force Couple

4.7 Simplification of a Force and Couple System (Resolution of Vectors)

The Moment due to the Force Couple is normally placed at the Cartesian Coordinate Origin and resolved into its x, y, and z components (Mx, My, and Mz).

Vector Addition of Couples

By applying Varignons Theorem to the Forces in the Couple, it can be proven that couples can be added and resolved as Vectors.

Force Couple System

Two opposing force can be added to a rigid body without affecting the equilibrium of it. If there is a force acting at a distance from an axis, two forces of equal magnitude and opposite direction can be added at the axis with out affecting the equilibrium of the rigid body. The original force and its opposing force at the axis make a couple that equates to a moment on the rigid body. The other force at the axis results in the same force acting on the body

Force Couple Systems

As a result of this it can be stated that any force (F) acting on a rigid body may be moved to any given point on the rigid body as long as a moment equal to moment of (F) about the axis is added to the rigid body.

Resultant of a System of Coplanar Forces

Given a system of forces acting on a rigid body, each force can be resolved into a force-couple system acting at one point. The Forces can then be added as Vectors and the Moments can be added as scalars as long as the sense of each moment is taken into account. This will reduce the system of forces to a single force-moment system acting on the rigid body. This can be reduced further to one force at a distance Mr/Fr from the point of interest.

Resolution of a Force into a Force Couple System in 3D

The same principles used in 2D apply in 3D also The method used to resolve a force in 3D into a Force-Couple system acting at one point is to draw the rectangular coordinate system at the point of interest. Resolve the force in the plane it is in into the force acting on one axis and moment about the axis for each axis one at a time.

Resolution of a System of Forces in 3D

Each Force can be Resolved into a Force and Moment at the point of interest using the method just discussed. The Resultant Force can then be found by Vector Addition. The Resultant Moment must also be found using Vector Addition.

SIMPLIFICATION OF FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEMS

Objectives: : a) Determine the effect of moving a force. b) Find an equivalent force-couple system for a system of forces and couples.

READING QUIZ 1. A general system of forces and couple moments acting on a rigid body can be reduced to a ___ . A) single force

B) single moment
C) single force and two moments D) single force and a single moment 2. The original force and couple system and an equivalent force-couple system have the same _____ effect on a body.

A) internal
C) internal and external

B) external
D) microscopic

APPLICATIONS

What are the resultant effects on the persons hand when the force is applied in these four different ways? Why is understanding these difference important when designing various load-bearing structures?

APPLICATIONS (continued)
Several forces and a couple moment are acting on this vertical section of an I-beam.

| | ?? For the process of designing the Ibeam, it would be very helpful if you could replace the various forces and moment just one force and one couple moment at point O with the same external effect? How will you do that?

SIMPLIFICATION OF FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM (Section 4.7)

When a number of forces and couple moments are acting on a body, it is easier to understand their overall effect on the body if they are combined into a single force and couple moment having the same external effect. The two force and couple systems are called equivalent systems since they have the same external effect on the body.

MOVING A FORCE ON ITS LINE OF ACTION

Moving a force from A to B, when both points are on the vectors line of action, does not change the external effect.
Hence, a force vector is called a sliding vector. (But the internal effect of the force on the body does depend on where the force is applied).

MOVING A FORCE OFF OF ITS LINE OF ACTION

When a force is moved, but not along its line of action, there is a change in its external effect! Essentially, moving a force from point A to B (as shown above) requires creating an additional couple moment. So moving a force means you have to add a new couple. Since this new couple moment is a free vector, it can be applied at any point on the body.

SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM When several forces and couple moments act on a body, you can move each force and its associated couple moment to a common point O. Now you can add all the forces and couple moments together and find one resultant force-couple moment pair.

SIMPLIFICATION OF A FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM (continued)

WR = W1 + W2 (MR)o = W1 d1 + W2 d2

If the force system lies in the x-y plane (a 2-D case), then the reduced equivalent system can be obtained using the following three scalar equations.

EXAMPLE #1 Given: A 2-D force system with geometry as shown.

Find: The equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at A and then the equivalent single force location measured from A. Plan: 1) Sum all the x and y components of the forces to find FRA. 2) Find and sum all the moments resulting from moving each force component to A. 3) Shift FRA to a distance d such that d = MRA/FRy

FR

EXAMPLE #1 (continued) + FRx = 150 (3/5) + 50 100 (4/5) = 60 lb + FRy = 150 (4/5) + 100 (3/5) = 180 lb + MRA = 100 (4/5) 1 100 (3/5) 6 150(4/5) 3 = 640 lbft
FR = ( 602 + 1802 )1/2 = 190 lb = tan-1 ( 180/60) = 71.6

The equivalent single force FR can be located at a distance d measured from A. d = MRA/FRy = 640 / 180 = 3.56 ft.

CONCEPT QUIZ
1. The forces on the pole can be reduced to a single force and a single moment at point ____ . A) P D) S B) Q C) R
X

Z S

R Q
P Y

E) Any of these points.

2. Consider two couples acting on a body. The simplest possible equivalent system at any arbitrary point on the body will have A) One force and one couple moment.

B) One force.
C) One couple moment. D) Two couple moments.

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: A 2-D force and couple system as shown. Find: The equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at A. Plan: 1) Sum all the x and y components of the two forces to find FRA. 2) Find and sum all the moments resulting from moving each force to A and add them to the 45 kN m free moment to find the resultant MRA .

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

Summing the force components:

+ Fx = (5/13) 26 30 sin 30 = 5 kN + Fy = (12/13) 26 30 cos 30 = 49.98 kN

Now find the magnitude and direction of the resultant. FRA = ( 5 2 + 49.98 2 )1/2 = 50.2 kN and = tan-1 (49.98/5) = 84.3 + MRA = {30 sin 30 (0.3m) 30 cos 30 (2m) (5/13) 26 (0.3m) (12/13) 26 (6m) 45 } = 239 kN m

ATTENTION QUIZ
1. For this force system, the equivalent system at P is ___________ .

A) FRP = 40 lb (along +x-dir.) and MRP = +60 ft lb

B) FRP = 0 lb and MRP = +30 ft lb C) FRP = 30 lb (along +y-dir.) and MRP = -30 ft lb

D) FRP = 40 lb (along +x-dir.) and MRP = +30 ft lb

y

1'
P

1' 30 lb

30 lb

40 lb

ATTENTION QUIZ
2. Consider three couples acting on a body. Equivalent systems will be _______ at different points on the body.

A) Different when located

B) The same even when located C) Zero when located

D) None of the above.

Examples: Simplification of a Force and Couple System: