QUESTION
Sound to electrical.
Mircophone
QUESTION
Infrasonic.
QUESTION
Ultrasonic.
QUESTION
Min. deviation, longest wavelength.
red
QUESTION
Why the sky is blue.
Scattering
QUESTION
Why tip of needle is blurred when viewed from screen.
Diffusion of light
QUESTION
Min. distance to see an object.
25cm
QUESTION
Wavelength sensitive to eyes.
555nm
QUESTION
Blackbody emits ___.
No radiation
QUESTION
Black body.
Absorb emit
QUESTION
Tuning fork placed on a table top.
Loudness inc.
QUESTION
Gay Lussac.
Constant volume
QUESTION
Axis of ___.
Radius of gyration
QUESTION
3rd most conductive.
Yold
QUESTION
Diopter.
4th power
QUESTION
Linear momentum is doubled.
4 times KE
QUESTION
Reflection of sound.
Echo
QUESTION
Classification of compound.
QUESTION
Atomic number of Boron.
QUESTION
Normal body temperature of human.
37
QUESTION
Proposed that protons and neutrons are concentrated in a nucleus.
Ernest Rutherford
QUESTION
Liquid non-metal at normal temperature.
Bromine
QUESTION
The branch of optical technology concerned with the transmission of radiant power (light energy) through fibers.
Fiber optics
QUESTION
The basic functions of a fiber optic data link.
Convert an electrical input signal to an optical signal, send the optical signal over an optical fiber, and convert the optical signal back to an electric signal.
QUESTION
The three parts of a fiber optic data link.
QUESTION
The decrease in the amount of light reaching the end of the fiber.
Loss
QUESTION
In fiber optic systems, designers consider what trade-offs?
Trade-offs in fiber properties, types of connections, optical sources, and detector types in military and subscriber-loop applications.
QUESTION
Seven advantages of fiber optics over electrical systems.
Improved system performance, immunity to electrical noise, signal security, electrical isolation, reduced size and weight, environmental protection, and overall system economy
QUESTION
The advent of quantum physics successfully explained the photoelectric effect in terms of fundamental particles of energy called.
Quanta
QUESTION
What are the fundamental particles of energy (quanta) known as when referring to light energy?
Photons
QUESTION
What type of wave motion is represented by the motion of water?
Transverse-wave motion
QUESTION
Illustrated as straight lines, showing the direction in which light is travelling at any point.
Light rays
QUESTION
Those substances that transmit almost all the light waves falling upon them are said to be.
Transparent
QUESTION
Substances through which some light rays can pass, but through which objects cannot be seen clearly because the rays are diffused, are called.
Translucent
QUESTION
Those substances that are unable to transmit any light rays are called.
Opaque
QUESTION
Typical optical detector materials used for receiver operation in the 850-nm wavelength region.
QUESTION
Examples of optical detector materials used for receiver operation in the 1300-nm and 1550-nm wavelength regions.
QUESTION
Output saturation, occurs at input optical power levels typically.
QUESTION
Typical reverse-bias voltage applied across the active region of an avalanche photodiode(APD).
QUESTION
Typical semiconductor materials used in the construction of low-noise APDs include.
QUESTION
Typically, semiconductor lasers emit light spread out over an angle of.
10 to 15 degrees
QUESTION
The two most common semiconductor materials used in electronic and electro-optic devices.
QUESTION
Typically LEDs for the 850-nm region are fabricated using.
QUESTION
LEDs for the 1300-nm and 1550-nm regions are fabricated using.
QUESTION
Basic LED types used for fiber optic communication systems.
QUESTION
Preferred optical source for short-distance(0 to 3km), low data-rate fiber optic systems.
QUESTION
Typically, SLEDs operate efficiently for bit rates.
QUESTION
ELEDs may be modulated at rates.
Up to 400 Mb/s
QUESTION
SLDs may be modulated at bit rates of.
QUESTION
In SLEDs, the size of the primary active region is limited to a small circular area of.
QUESTION
LDs typically can be modulated at frequencies up to.
Over 2 gigahertz(GHz)
QUESTION
Electronic coolers used to cool LDs in system applications.
Thermo-electric(TE) coolers
QUESTION
For the lowest data rates (0 to 20 megabits per second), sources tend to operate in the.
850-nm window
QUESTION
For moderate data rates (50 to 200Mbps), sources tend to operate in the.
1300-nm window
QUESTION
Are usually only used in the extremely long distance high-data-rate applications(undersea links, etc).
1550-nm transmitters
QUESTION
Typical low-frequency applications are.
QUESTION
Types of systems for moderate frequency applications.
Multi-channel analog audio and video systems as well as frequency modulated(FM) systems
QUESTION
Typical high frequency applications are.
QUESTION
Are typically used in cable television trunk line applications.
1550-nm transmitters
QUESTION
Electronics industries association / telecommunications industries association.
EIA / TIA
QUESTION
For most fiber optic measurements, these standard procedures are documented by the.
EIA / TIA
QUESTION
Each component measurement procedure is assigned a unique number given by.
EIA / TIA-526-X
QUESTION
The cutback method for measuring multimode fiber attenuation is.
EIA / TIA-455-46
QUESTION
The cutback method for measuring single mode fiber attenuation is.
EIA / TIA-455-78
QUESTION
Describes how to properly prepare fiber ends for measurement purposes.
EIA / TIA-455-57
QUESTION
A 20-mm diameter mandrel is typically used for.
62.5m fiber
QUESTION
Another common mode filter for single mode fibers is.
QUESTION
Additional information on multimode and single mode filters(and launch conditions) is available in.
QUESTION
The test method for uncabled single mode fiber cutoff wavelength is.
EIA / TIA-455-80
QUESTION
The test method for cabled single mode fiber cutoff wavelength is.
EIA / TIA-455-170
QUESTION
The test method for measuring the bandwidth of multimode fibers in the frequency domain is.
EIA / TIA-455-30
QUESTION
Chromatic dispersion is measured in the frequency domain using.
QUESTION
The procedure for measuring multimode and single mode fiber geometry is detailed in.
EIA / TIA-455-176
QUESTION
The fiber-geometrical parameters measured include.
Cladding diameter, cladding noncircularity, corecladding concentricity error, and core noncircularity
QUESTION
Core diameter is measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-58
QUESTION
Describes the procedure for measuring the near-field power distribution of optical waveguides.
EIA / TIA-455-43
QUESTION
Output near-field radiation pattern can be obtained by using.
EIA / TIA-455-43
QUESTION
The numerical aperture(NA) of a multimode fiber having a near-parabolic refractive index profile is measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-177
QUESTION
Describes various procedures, or methods, for measuring the far-field power distribution of optical waveguides.
EIA / TIA-455-47
QUESTION
The mode field diameter of a single mode fiber can be measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-167
QUESTION
Provides information on the mathematics behind the transformation procedure between the far-field and near-field.
EIA / TIA-455-167
QUESTION
Insertion loss of both multimode and single mode interconnection devices is measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-34
QUESTION
The mandrel wrap method of measuring the insertion loss of an interconnecting device is included in.
EIA / TIA-455-34
QUESTION
Return loss and reflectance are measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-107
QUESTION
The fiber optic test method for measuring the attenuation of an installed optical fiber using an optical time-domain reflectometer(OTDR).
EIA / TIA-455-61
QUESTION
The group index(N) is provided by fiber manufacturers or is found using.
EIA / TIA-455-60
QUESTION
Point defects are located and measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-59
QUESTION
The transmission loss of fiber optic cable plants is measured using.
EIA / TIA-526-14 method B (multimode fiber) or EIA / TIA-526-7 (single mode fiber)
QUESTION
Fiber inspection is done visually by the use of a standard microscope at.
QUESTION
Ferrule-type ST connectors are becoming the commercial connector of choice for local area network(LAN) and data transfer links and are the standard connector for navy light duty applications. This connector is described in specification sheets 16,17, and 18 of.
MIL-C-83522
QUESTION
One type of heavy-duty connector designed for use in harsh navy environments is described by the military specification.
MIL-C-28876
QUESTION
Standard core sizes for multimode step-index fibers are.
QUESTION
Standard core sizes for multimode gradedindex fibers are.
QUESTION
Standard core sizes for single mode fibers are.
QUESTION
Standard multimode graded-index fiber core and cladding sizes are.
QUESTION
Typical values of relative refractive index difference() are around.
0.01 to 0.02
QUESTION
An OFCC cable consists of individual single fiber cables, called.
QUESTION
The OFCC outer diameter is typically.
2millimeters(mm)
QUESTION
The fiber is typically buffered with a polyester elastomer to a total diameter of.
900m
QUESTION
An OFCC cable of 0.5inch cable outer diameter can accommodate about.
12 fibers
QUESTION
OFCC type cable is also being evaluated for use in navy applications with fiber counts up to.
36 fibers(OFCC)
QUESTION
Involves calculating the rise times of the link transmitter and the optical fiber.
Risetime budget
QUESTION
The composite optical transmitter/fiber risetime is referred to as the.
QUESTION
Consists of all the fiber optic cables and the fiber optic interconnection equipment within the shop, including connectors, splices, and interconnection boxes.
QUESTION
Optical fibers or cables should never be bent at a radius of curvature less than a certain value, called the.
QUESTION
A hybrid device that converts electrical signals into optical signals and launches the optical signals into an optical fiber.
QUESTION
Two basic types of amplifiers used in fiber optic receivers.
QUESTION
Fiber optic receivers can be classified into two categories.
QUESTION
Consists of an optical transmitter, optical fiber, and an optical receiver.
QUESTION
A common fiber optic application is the.
QUESTION
Consists of a single transmission line that is shared by a number of equipments.
QUESTION
Consists of equipments attached to one another in a closed loop or ring.
Ring topology
QUESTION
Configuration wherein each equipment is connected a common center hub.
Star topology
QUESTION
Consists of a transmission line that branches, or splits.
Tree topology
QUESTION
The process of varying one or more characteristics of an optical signal to encode and convey information.
modulation
QUESTION
A discontinuous signal that changes from one state to another in discrete steps.
Digital signal
QUESTION
A popular form of digital modulation.
Binary modulation
QUESTION
The process of arranging symbols that represent binary data in a particular pattern for transmission.
Line coding
QUESTION
A continuous signal whose amplitude, phase, or some other property varies in a direct proportion to the instantaneous value of a physical variable.
Analog signal
QUESTION
Modulation wherein the intensity of a optical sources output signal is directly modulated by the incoming electrical analog base band signal.
Intensity modulation
QUESTION
A signal that is in its original form and has not been changed by a modulation technique.
QUESTION
Involves identifying all of the sources of loss in the fiber optic link.
Power budget
QUESTION
The difference between the transmitter output power and the receiver sensitivity is referred to as the.
Available power
QUESTION
The ratio of the optical detectors output photocurrent in amperes to the incident optical power in watts
responsivity
QUESTION
A semiconductor positive-negative(p-n) structure with an intrinsic region sandwiched between the other two regions.
PIN photodiode
QUESTION
When no light is incident on the photodiode, a current is still produced called.
Dark current
QUESTION
The detector thickness is related to the amount of time required for the electrons generated to flow out of the detector active area. This time is referred to as the electron.
Transmit time
QUESTION
It is given by tRC=RC
RC time constant
QUESTION
Means that the output electrical current(photocurrent) of the photodiode is linearly proportional to the input optical power.
Detector linearity
QUESTION
A photodiode that internally amplifies the photocurrent by an avalanche process.
Avalanche photodiode(APD)
QUESTION
Occurs when accelerated electrons collide with other electrons in the semiconductor material, causing a fraction of them to become part of the photocurrent.
Avalanche multiplication
QUESTION
Defined as the first stage of amplification following the optical detector.
Pre amplifier
QUESTION
Defined as the remaining stages of amplification required to raise the detectors electrical signal to a level suitable for further signal processing.
Post amplifier
QUESTION
It includes thermal noise, dark noise, and quantum noise.
Receiver noise
QUESTION
The noise resulting from the random motion of electrons in a conducting medium.
Thermal noise
QUESTION
Noise caused by current fluctuations because of the discrete nature of charge carriers.
Shot noise
QUESTION
Results from dark current that continues to flow in the photodiode when there is no incident light.
QUESTION
Results from the random generation of electrons by the incident optical radiation.
Quantum noise
QUESTION
Involves wrapping the test fiber around a mandrel.
QUESTION
The wavelength of a single mode fiber above which the fiber propagates only the fundamental mode.
QUESTION
A technique of measuring the cutoff wavelength wherein the same fiber with small bends is used as the reference fiber.
Bend-reference technique
QUESTION
A technique of measuring the cut-off wavelength wherein a piece of the multimode fiber is used as the reference fiber.
Multimode-reference technique
QUESTION
Causes the spreading of the light pulse as it travels along the fiber.
Dispersion
QUESTION
Defined as the average diameter of the cladding.
Cladding diameter
QUESTION
Defined as the average diameter of the core.
Core diameter
QUESTION
The difference between the smallest radius of the fiber (Rmin) and the largest radius (Rmax) divided by the average cladding radius(R).
QUESTION
For multimode fibers, it is the distance between, the core and cladding centers divided by the core diameter.
QUESTION
The difference between the smallest core radius(Rmin) and the largest core radius(Rmax) divided by the core radius(Rc).
Core noncircularity
QUESTION
An electro-optic device that accepts optical signals from an optical fiber and converts them into electrical signals.
QUESTION
The minimum amount of optical power required to achieve a specific receiver performance.
Receiver sensitivity
QUESTION
Refers to the range of optical power levels over which the receiver operates within the specified values.
Dynamic range
QUESTION
A device that converts input energy of one form into output energy of another.
transducer
QUESTION
A transducer that converts an optical signal into an electrical signal.
Optical detector
QUESTION
Semiconductor detectors are designed so that optical energy(photons) incident on the detector active area produces a current called.
photocurrent
QUESTION
A passive device that distributes optical power from more than two input parts among several output parts.
Star coupler
QUESTION
A passive device that splits the optical power from one input fiber to more than two output fibers.
Tree coupler
QUESTION
Fiber optic couplers that prevent the transfer of power between input fibers.
Directional couplers
QUESTION
Transmits the same amount of power through the coupler when the input and output fibers are reversed.
Symmetrical coupler
QUESTION
The loss of optical power as light travels along the fiber.
attenuation
QUESTION
Measured by End users at the operating wavelength() of a fiber.
Total attenuation(A)
QUESTION
Also known as attenuation rate.
Attenuation coefficient()
QUESTION
The area of the fiber face illuminated by the light beam from the optical source.
QUESTION
The angular extent of the light beam from the optical source incident on the fiber end face.
Angular distribution
QUESTION
Results when the launch spot size and angular distribution are smaller than that of the fiber core.
Underfilled launch
QUESTION
Occurs when the launch spot size and angular distribution are larger than that of the fiber core.
QUESTION
A device that removes any cladding mode power from the fiber.
Cladding-mode stripper
QUESTION
A device that attenuates specific modes propagating in the core of an optical fiber.
Mode filter
QUESTION
One of the most popular splicing techniques in commercial applications.
QUESTION
A short discharge of electric current that prepares the fiber ends for fusion.
prefusion
QUESTION
Two basic types of fiber optic connectors.
QUESTION
Use two lenses to first expanded and then refocus the light from the transmitting fiber into the receiving fiber.
QUESTION
Use two cylindrical plugs(referred to as ferrules), an alignment sleeve, and sometimes axial springs to perform fiber alignment.
Ferrule connectors
QUESTION
Two ways that the navy classifies fiber optic connectors.
QUESTION
Redistributes the optical signal without optical-to-electrical conversion.
Passive coupler
QUESTION
Electronic devices that split or combine the signal electrically and use fiber optic detectors and sources for input and output.
Active couplers
QUESTION
A passive device that splits the optical power carried by a single input fiber into two output fibers.
Optical splitter
QUESTION
Normally splits the input optical power evenly between the two output fibers.
Y-coupler
QUESTION
A passive device that combines the optical power carried by two input fibers into a single output fiber.
Optical combiner
QUESTION
Combines the functions of the optical splitter and combiner.
X-coupler
QUESTION
Multiport couplers that have more than two input or two output ports.
QUESTION
Caused by a step change in the refractive index that occurs at the fiber joint.
Fresnel reflection
QUESTION
Reduces the step change in the refractive index at the fiber interface, reducing Fresnel reflection.
QUESTION
Occurs when a small gap remains between fiber-end faces after completing the fiber connection.
QUESTION
Occurs when the axes of the two fibers are off set in a perpendicular direction.
QUESTION
Occurs when the axes of two connected fibers are no longer parallel.
Angular misalignment
QUESTION
Some common examples of poor fiber ends.
QUESTION
The basic fiber cleaving technique for preparing optical fibers are coupling.
Score-and-break method
QUESTION
Removes most surface imperfections introduced by the fiber cleaving process.
QUESTION
Occurs when the fiber, mounted to the polishing tool, moves over a 5 to 15 grit abrasive paper.
Rough-polishing
QUESTION
Occurs when the mounted fiber moves over a 0.3 to 1 grit abrasive paper in the same figure-eight motion.
Fine-polishing
QUESTION
A source of intrinsic coupling loss.
Fiber mismatches
QUESTION
A permanent fiber joint whose purpose is to establish an optical connection between two individual optical fiber.
QUESTION
A fiber splice where mechanical fixtures and materials perform fiber alignment and connection.
Mechanical splice
QUESTION
A fiber splice where localized heat fuses or melts the ends of two optical fibers together.
Fusion splice
QUESTION
Epoxy resins that seal mechanical splices and provide index matching between the connected fibers.
Transparent adhesives
QUESTION
It means that the fiber cladding consists of a single homogeneous layer of dielectric material.
Matched cladding
QUESTION
It means that the fiber cladding consists of two regions: the inner and outer cladding regions.
Depressed cladding
QUESTION
The smallest operating wavelength when single mode fibers propagate only the fundamental mode.
QUESTION
Fibers having a silica glass core and a plastic cladding.
QUESTION
Method wherein gaseous metal halide compounds, dopant material, and oxygen are oxidized(burned) to form a white silica powder (SiO2).
QUESTION
Manufacturers call SiO2 the.
soot
QUESTION
Method wherein multicomponent glass rods form the fiber structure.
Direct-melt process
QUESTION
A tight-buffered fiber surrounded by arimid yarn and a low-halogen outer jacket.
QUESTION
Makes a permanent joint between two fibers or two groups of fibers.
QUESTION
Permit easy coupling and uncoupling of optical fibers.
QUESTION
Distribute or combine optical signals between fibers.
QUESTION
What are the main causes of coupling loss?
QUESTION
A measure of an optical sources power launching capability.
Radiance
QUESTION
Caused by inherent fiber characteristics.
QUESTION
Caused by jointing techniques.
QUESTION
A short length of optical fiber (usually 1 meter or less) permanently fixed to the optical source or detector.
Fiber pigtail
QUESTION
Waves that are neither transmitted nor absorbed, but are reflected from the surface of the medium they encounter.
Reflected waves
QUESTION
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface, the wave that strikes the surface is called.
QUESTION
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface, the wave that bounces back is called.
QUESTION
An imaginary line perpendicular to the point at which the incident wave strikes the reflecting surface is called.
The normal
QUESTION
The angle between the incident wave and the normal.
Angle of incidence
QUESTION
The angle between the reflected wave and the normal.
Angle of reflection
QUESTION
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Law of reflection
QUESTION
Attenuation is mainly a result of what three properties?
QUESTION
The loss of optical power as light travels along the fiber.
attenuation
QUESTION
The portion of attenuation resulting from the conversion of optical power into another energy form, such as heat.
absorption
QUESTION
Caused by the electronic transition of metal ions, such as iron, nickel and chromium, from one energy level to another.
Extrinsic absorption
QUESTION
Describes the value of refractive index as a function of radial distance at any fiber diameter.
QUESTION
The refractive index of the core is uniform and undergoes an abrupt change at the corecladding boundary.
Step-index profile
QUESTION
The refractive index at the core varies gradually as a function of radial distance from the fiber center.
Graded-index fiber
QUESTION
Determines the shape of the cores profile.
Profile parameter ()
QUESTION
The NA of a multimode graded-index fiber is at its maximum value at the fiber axis. This NA is the.
QUESTION
Sound to electrical.
Mircophone
QUESTION
Infrasonic.
QUESTION
Ultrasonic.
QUESTION
Min. deviation, longest wavelength.
red
QUESTION
Why the sky is blue.
Scattering
QUESTION
Why tip of needle is blurred when viewed from screen.
Diffusion of light
QUESTION
Min. distance to see an object.
25cm
QUESTION
Wavelength sensitive to eyes.
555nm
QUESTION
Blackbody emits ___.
No radiation
QUESTION
Black body.
Absorb emit
QUESTION
Tuning fork placed on a table top.
Loudness inc.
QUESTION
Gay Lussac.
Constant volume
QUESTION
Axis of ___.
Radius of gyration
QUESTION
3rd most conductive.
Yold
QUESTION
Diopter.
4th power
QUESTION
Linear momentum is doubled.
4 times KE
QUESTION
Reflection of sound.
Echo
QUESTION
Classification of compound.
QUESTION
Atomic number of Boron.
QUESTION
Normal body temperature of human.
37
QUESTION
Proposed that protons and neutrons are concentrated in a nucleus.
Ernest Rutherford
QUESTION
Liquid non-metal at normal temperature.
Bromine
QUESTION
The branch of optical technology concerned with the transmission of radiant power (light energy) through fibers.
Fiber optics
QUESTION
The basic functions of a fiber optic data link.
Convert an electrical input signal to an optical signal, send the optical signal over an optical fiber, and convert the optical signal back to an electric signal.
QUESTION
The three parts of a fiber optic data link.
QUESTION
The decrease in the amount of light reaching the end of the fiber.
Loss
QUESTION
In fiber optic systems, designers consider what trade-offs?
Trade-offs in fiber properties, types of connections, optical sources, and detector types in military and subscriber-loop applications.
QUESTION
Seven advantages of fiber optics over electrical systems.
Improved system performance, immunity to electrical noise, signal security, electrical isolation, reduced size and weight, environmental protection, and overall system economy
QUESTION
The advent of quantum physics successfully explained the photoelectric effect in terms of fundamental particles of energy called.
Quanta
QUESTION
What are the fundamental particles of energy (quanta) known as when referring to light energy?
Photons
QUESTION
What type of wave motion is represented by the motion of water?
Transverse-wave motion
QUESTION
Illustrated as straight lines, showing the direction in which light is travelling at any point.
Light rays
QUESTION
Those substances that transmit almost all the light waves falling upon them are said to be.
Transparent
QUESTION
Substances through which some light rays can pass, but through which objects cannot be seen clearly because the rays are diffused, are called.
Translucent
QUESTION
Those substances that are unable to transmit any light rays are called.
Opaque
QUESTION
Typical optical detector materials used for receiver operation in the 850-nm wavelength region.
QUESTION
Examples of optical detector materials used for receiver operation in the 1300-nm and 1550-nm wavelength regions.
QUESTION
Output saturation, occurs at input optical power levels typically.
QUESTION
Typical reverse-bias voltage applied across the active region of an avalanche photodiode(APD).
QUESTION
Typical semiconductor materials used in the construction of low-noise APDs include.
QUESTION
Typically, semiconductor lasers emit light spread out over an angle of.
10 to 15 degrees
QUESTION
The two most common semiconductor materials used in electronic and electro-optic devices.
QUESTION
Typically LEDs for the 850-nm region are fabricated using.
QUESTION
LEDs for the 1300-nm and 1550-nm regions are fabricated using.
QUESTION
Basic LED types used for fiber optic communication systems.
QUESTION
Preferred optical source for short-distance(0 to 3km), low data-rate fiber optic systems.
QUESTION
Typically, SLEDs operate efficiently for bit rates.
QUESTION
ELEDs may be modulated at rates.
Up to 400 Mb/s
QUESTION
SLDs may be modulated at bit rates of.
QUESTION
In SLEDs, the size of the primary active region is limited to a small circular area of.
QUESTION
LDs typically can be modulated at frequencies up to.
Over 2 gigahertz(GHz)
QUESTION
Electronic coolers used to cool LDs in system applications.
Thermo-electric(TE) coolers
QUESTION
For the lowest data rates (0 to 20 megabits per second), sources tend to operate in the.
850-nm window
QUESTION
For moderate data rates (50 to 200Mbps), sources tend to operate in the.
1300-nm window
QUESTION
Are usually only used in the extremely long distance high-data-rate applications(undersea links, etc).
1550-nm transmitters
QUESTION
Typical low-frequency applications are.
QUESTION
Types of systems for moderate frequency applications.
Multi-channel analog audio and video systems as well as frequency modulated(FM) systems
QUESTION
Typical high frequency applications are.
QUESTION
Are typically used in cable television trunk line applications.
1550-nm transmitters
QUESTION
Electronics industries association / telecommunications industries association.
EIA / TIA
QUESTION
For most fiber optic measurements, these standard procedures are documented by the.
EIA / TIA
QUESTION
Each component measurement procedure is assigned a unique number given by.
EIA / TIA-526-X
QUESTION
The cutback method for measuring multimode fiber attenuation is.
EIA / TIA-455-46
QUESTION
The cutback method for measuring single mode fiber attenuation is.
EIA / TIA-455-78
QUESTION
Describes how to properly prepare fiber ends for measurement purposes.
EIA / TIA-455-57
QUESTION
A 20-mm diameter mandrel is typically used for.
62.5m fiber
QUESTION
Another common mode filter for single mode fibers is.
QUESTION
Additional information on multimode and single mode filters(and launch conditions) is available in.
QUESTION
The test method for uncabled single mode fiber cutoff wavelength is.
EIA / TIA-455-80
QUESTION
The test method for cabled single mode fiber cutoff wavelength is.
EIA / TIA-455-170
QUESTION
The test method for measuring the bandwidth of multimode fibers in the frequency domain is.
EIA / TIA-455-30
QUESTION
Chromatic dispersion is measured in the frequency domain using.
QUESTION
The procedure for measuring multimode and single mode fiber geometry is detailed in.
EIA / TIA-455-176
QUESTION
The fiber-geometrical parameters measured include.
Cladding diameter, cladding noncircularity, corecladding concentricity error, and core noncircularity
QUESTION
Core diameter is measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-58
QUESTION
Describes the procedure for measuring the near-field power distribution of optical waveguides.
EIA / TIA-455-43
QUESTION
Output near-field radiation pattern can be obtained by using.
EIA / TIA-455-43
QUESTION
The numerical aperture(NA) of a multimode fiber having a near-parabolic refractive index profile is measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-177
QUESTION
Describes various procedures, or methods, for measuring the far-field power distribution of optical waveguides.
EIA / TIA-455-47
QUESTION
The mode field diameter of a single mode fiber can be measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-167
QUESTION
Provides information on the mathematics behind the transformation procedure between the far-field and near-field.
EIA / TIA-455-167
QUESTION
Insertion loss of both multimode and single mode interconnection devices is measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-34
QUESTION
The mandrel wrap method of measuring the insertion loss of an interconnecting device is included in.
EIA / TIA-455-34
QUESTION
Return loss and reflectance are measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-107
QUESTION
The fiber optic test method for measuring the attenuation of an installed optical fiber using an optical time-domain reflectometer(OTDR).
EIA / TIA-455-61
QUESTION
The group index(N) is provided by fiber manufacturers or is found using.
EIA / TIA-455-60
QUESTION
Point defects are located and measured using.
EIA / TIA-455-59
QUESTION
The transmission loss of fiber optic cable plants is measured using.
EIA / TIA-526-14 method B (multimode fiber) or EIA / TIA-526-7 (single mode fiber)
QUESTION
Fiber inspection is done visually by the use of a standard microscope at.
QUESTION
Ferrule-type ST connectors are becoming the commercial connector of choice for local area network(LAN) and data transfer links and are the standard connector for navy light duty applications. This connector is described in specification sheets 16,17, and 18 of.
MIL-C-83522
QUESTION
One type of heavy-duty connector designed for use in harsh navy environments is described by the military specification.
MIL-C-28876
QUESTION
Standard core sizes for multimode step-index fibers are.
QUESTION
Standard core sizes for multimode gradedindex fibers are.
QUESTION
Standard core sizes for single mode fibers are.
QUESTION
Standard multimode graded-index fiber core and cladding sizes are.
QUESTION
Typical values of relative refractive index difference() are around.
0.01 to 0.02
QUESTION
An OFCC cable consists of individual single fiber cables, called.
QUESTION
The OFCC outer diameter is typically.
2millimeters(mm)
QUESTION
The fiber is typically buffered with a polyester elastomer to a total diameter of.
900m
QUESTION
An OFCC cable of 0.5inch cable outer diameter can accommodate about.
12 fibers
QUESTION
OFCC type cable is also being evaluated for use in navy applications with fiber counts up to.
36 fibers(OFCC)
QUESTION
Involves calculating the rise times of the link transmitter and the optical fiber.
Risetime budget
QUESTION
The composite optical transmitter/fiber risetime is referred to as the.
QUESTION
Consists of all the fiber optic cables and the fiber optic interconnection equipment within the shop, including connectors, splices, and interconnection boxes.
QUESTION
Optical fibers or cables should never be bent at a radius of curvature less than a certain value, called the.
QUESTION
A hybrid device that converts electrical signals into optical signals and launches the optical signals into an optical fiber.
QUESTION
Two basic types of amplifiers used in fiber optic receivers.
QUESTION
Fiber optic receivers can be classified into two categories.
QUESTION
Consists of an optical transmitter, optical fiber, and an optical receiver.
QUESTION
A common fiber optic application is the.
QUESTION
Consists of a single transmission line that is shared by a number of equipments.
QUESTION
Consists of equipments attached to one another in a closed loop or ring.
Ring topology
QUESTION
Configuration wherein each equipment is connected a common center hub.
Star topology
QUESTION
Consists of a transmission line that branches, or splits.
Tree topology
QUESTION
The process of varying one or more characteristics of an optical signal to encode and convey information.
modulation
QUESTION
A discontinuous signal that changes from one state to another in discrete steps.
Digital signal
QUESTION
A popular form of digital modulation.
Binary modulation
QUESTION
The process of arranging symbols that represent binary data in a particular pattern for transmission.
Line coding
QUESTION
A continuous signal whose amplitude, phase, or some other property varies in a direct proportion to the instantaneous value of a physical variable.
Analog signal
QUESTION
Modulation wherein the intensity of a optical sources output signal is directly modulated by the incoming electrical analog base band signal.
Intensity modulation
QUESTION
A signal that is in its original form and has not been changed by a modulation technique.
QUESTION
Involves identifying all of the sources of loss in the fiber optic link.
Power budget
QUESTION
The difference between the transmitter output power and the receiver sensitivity is referred to as the.
Available power
QUESTION
The ratio of the optical detectors output photocurrent in amperes to the incident optical power in watts
responsivity
QUESTION
A semiconductor positive-negative(p-n) structure with an intrinsic region sandwiched between the other two regions.
PIN photodiode
QUESTION
When no light is incident on the photodiode, a current is still produced called.
Dark current
QUESTION
The detector thickness is related to the amount of time required for the electrons generated to flow out of the detector active area. This time is referred to as the electron.
Transmit time
QUESTION
It is given by tRC=RC
RC time constant
QUESTION
Means that the output electrical current(photocurrent) of the photodiode is linearly proportional to the input optical power.
Detector linearity
QUESTION
A photodiode that internally amplifies the photocurrent by an avalanche process.
Avalanche photodiode(APD)
QUESTION
Occurs when accelerated electrons collide with other electrons in the semiconductor material, causing a fraction of them to become part of the photocurrent.
Avalanche multiplication
QUESTION
Defined as the first stage of amplification following the optical detector.
Pre amplifier
QUESTION
Defined as the remaining stages of amplification required to raise the detectors electrical signal to a level suitable for further signal processing.
Post amplifier
QUESTION
It includes thermal noise, dark noise, and quantum noise.
Receiver noise
QUESTION
The noise resulting from the random motion of electrons in a conducting medium.
Thermal noise
QUESTION
Noise caused by current fluctuations because of the discrete nature of charge carriers.
Shot noise
QUESTION
Results from dark current that continues to flow in the photodiode when there is no incident light.
QUESTION
Results from the random generation of electrons by the incident optical radiation.
Quantum noise
QUESTION
Involves wrapping the test fiber around a mandrel.
QUESTION
The wavelength of a single mode fiber above which the fiber propagates only the fundamental mode.
QUESTION
A technique of measuring the cutoff wavelength wherein the same fiber with small bends is used as the reference fiber.
Bend-reference technique
QUESTION
A technique of measuring the cut-off wavelength wherein a piece of the multimode fiber is used as the reference fiber.
Multimode-reference technique
QUESTION
Causes the spreading of the light pulse as it travels along the fiber.
Dispersion
QUESTION
Defined as the average diameter of the cladding.
Cladding diameter
QUESTION
Defined as the average diameter of the core.
Core diameter
QUESTION
The difference between the smallest radius of the fiber (Rmin) and the largest radius (Rmax) divided by the average cladding radius(R).
QUESTION
For multimode fibers, it is the distance between, the core and cladding centers divided by the core diameter.
QUESTION
The difference between the smallest core radius(Rmin) and the largest core radius(Rmax) divided by the core radius(Rc).
Core noncircularity
QUESTION
An electro-optic device that accepts optical signals from an optical fiber and converts them into electrical signals.
QUESTION
The minimum amount of optical power required to achieve a specific receiver performance.
Receiver sensitivity
QUESTION
Refers to the range of optical power levels over which the receiver operates within the specified values.
Dynamic range
QUESTION
A device that converts input energy of one form into output energy of another.
transducer
QUESTION
A transducer that converts an optical signal into an electrical signal.
Optical detector
QUESTION
Semiconductor detectors are designed so that optical energy(photons) incident on the detector active area produces a current called.
photocurrent
QUESTION
A passive device that distributes optical power from more than two input parts among several output parts.
Star coupler
QUESTION
A passive device that splits the optical power from one input fiber to more than two output fibers.
Tree coupler
QUESTION
Fiber optic couplers that prevent the transfer of power between input fibers.
Directional couplers
QUESTION
Transmits the same amount of power through the coupler when the input and output fibers are reversed.
Symmetrical coupler
QUESTION
The loss of optical power as light travels along the fiber.
attenuation
QUESTION
Measured by End users at the operating wavelength() of a fiber.
Total attenuation(A)
QUESTION
Also known as attenuation rate.
Attenuation coefficient()
QUESTION
The area of the fiber face illuminated by the light beam from the optical source.
QUESTION
The angular extent of the light beam from the optical source incident on the fiber end face.
Angular distribution
QUESTION
Results when the launch spot size and angular distribution are smaller than that of the fiber core.
Underfilled launch
QUESTION
Occurs when the launch spot size and angular distribution are larger than that of the fiber core.
QUESTION
A device that removes any cladding mode power from the fiber.
Cladding-mode stripper
QUESTION
A device that attenuates specific modes propagating in the core of an optical fiber.
Mode filter
QUESTION
One of the most popular splicing techniques in commercial applications.
QUESTION
A short discharge of electric current that prepares the fiber ends for fusion.
prefusion
QUESTION
Two basic types of fiber optic connectors.
QUESTION
Use two lenses to first expanded and then refocus the light from the transmitting fiber into the receiving fiber.
QUESTION
Use two cylindrical plugs(referred to as ferrules), an alignment sleeve, and sometimes axial springs to perform fiber alignment.
Ferrule connectors
QUESTION
Two ways that the navy classifies fiber optic connectors.
QUESTION
Redistributes the optical signal without optical-to-electrical conversion.
Passive coupler
QUESTION
Electronic devices that split or combine the signal electrically and use fiber optic detectors and sources for input and output.
Active couplers
QUESTION
A passive device that splits the optical power carried by a single input fiber into two output fibers.
Optical splitter
QUESTION
Normally splits the input optical power evenly between the two output fibers.
Y-coupler
QUESTION
A passive device that combines the optical power carried by two input fibers into a single output fiber.
Optical combiner
QUESTION
Combines the functions of the optical splitter and combiner.
X-coupler
QUESTION
Multiport couplers that have more than two input or two output ports.
QUESTION
Caused by a step change in the refractive index that occurs at the fiber joint.
Fresnel reflection
QUESTION
Reduces the step change in the refractive index at the fiber interface, reducing Fresnel reflection.
QUESTION
Occurs when a small gap remains between fiber-end faces after completing the fiber connection.
QUESTION
Occurs when the axes of the two fibers are off set in a perpendicular direction.
QUESTION
Occurs when the axes of two connected fibers are no longer parallel.
Angular misalignment
QUESTION
Some common examples of poor fiber ends.
QUESTION
The basic fiber cleaving technique for preparing optical fibers are coupling.
Score-and-break method
QUESTION
Removes most surface imperfections introduced by the fiber cleaving process.
QUESTION
Occurs when the fiber, mounted to the polishing tool, moves over a 5 to 15 grit abrasive paper.
Rough-polishing
QUESTION
Occurs when the mounted fiber moves over a 0.3 to 1 grit abrasive paper in the same figure-eight motion.
Fine-polishing
QUESTION
A source of intrinsic coupling loss.
Fiber mismatches
QUESTION
A permanent fiber joint whose purpose is to establish an optical connection between two individual optical fiber.
QUESTION
A fiber splice where mechanical fixtures and materials perform fiber alignment and connection.
Mechanical splice
QUESTION
A fiber splice where localized heat fuses or melts the ends of two optical fibers together.
Fusion splice
QUESTION
Epoxy resins that seal mechanical splices and provide index matching between the connected fibers.
Transparent adhesives
QUESTION
It means that the fiber cladding consists of a single homogeneous layer of dielectric material.
Matched cladding
QUESTION
It means that the fiber cladding consists of two regions: the inner and outer cladding regions.
Depressed cladding
QUESTION
The smallest operating wavelength when single mode fibers propagate only the fundamental mode.
QUESTION
Fibers having a silica glass core and a plastic cladding.
QUESTION
Method wherein gaseous metal halide compounds, dopant material, and oxygen are oxidized(burned) to form a white silica powder (SiO2).
QUESTION
Manufacturers call SiO2 the.
soot
QUESTION
Method wherein multicomponent glass rods form the fiber structure.
Direct-melt process
QUESTION
A tight-buffered fiber surrounded by arimid yarn and a low-halogen outer jacket.
QUESTION
Makes a permanent joint between two fibers or two groups of fibers.
QUESTION
Permit easy coupling and uncoupling of optical fibers.
QUESTION
Distribute or combine optical signals between fibers.
QUESTION
What are the main causes of coupling loss?
QUESTION
A measure of an optical sources power launching capability.
Radiance
QUESTION
Caused by inherent fiber characteristics.
QUESTION
Caused by jointing techniques.
QUESTION
A short length of optical fiber (usually 1 meter or less) permanently fixed to the optical source or detector.
Fiber pigtail
QUESTION
Waves that are neither transmitted nor absorbed, but are reflected from the surface of the medium they encounter.
Reflected waves
QUESTION
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface, the wave that strikes the surface is called.
QUESTION
When a wave approaches a reflecting surface, the wave that bounces back is called.
QUESTION
An imaginary line perpendicular to the point at which the incident wave strikes the reflecting surface is called.
The normal
QUESTION
The angle between the incident wave and the normal.
Angle of incidence
QUESTION
The angle between the reflected wave and the normal.
Angle of reflection
QUESTION
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Law of reflection
QUESTION
Attenuation is mainly a result of what three properties?
QUESTION
The loss of optical power as light travels along the fiber.
attenuation
QUESTION
The portion of attenuation resulting from the conversion of optical power into another energy form, such as heat.
absorption
QUESTION
Caused by the electronic transition of metal ions, such as iron, nickel and chromium, from one energy level to another.
Extrinsic absorption
QUESTION
Describes the value of refractive index as a function of radial distance at any fiber diameter.
QUESTION
The refractive index of the core is uniform and undergoes an abrupt change at the corecladding boundary.
Step-index profile
QUESTION
The refractive index at the core varies gradually as a function of radial distance from the fiber center.
Graded-index fiber
QUESTION
Determines the shape of the cores profile.
Profile parameter ()
QUESTION
The NA of a multimode graded-index fiber is at its maximum value at the fiber axis. This NA is the.