STATISTICAL METHODS

1. Statistics is the science of counting. 2. Statistics is the science of averages.

3. Statistics is the science of collection, presentation, analysis of the data and of drawing valid conclusions from it

Statistics is the science that deals with Collection of data Classification of data Tabulation of data Graphical presentation of data Analysis of data Interpretation of data

Types of data:
1] Primary Data
# Collected for the first time

# For a specific purpose. # In the form of raw material # Collected from people directly. # Gives accuracy.

2] Secondary data
# Data is already collected # Originally collected by some one else. # Usually in the form of finished product. # Usually collected from published material. # Saves time and cost.

Characteristics under consideration can be Descriptive i.e. 1. attributes e,g. Nationality, colour of eye etc or Numerical i.e. 2. variables i) Discrete ii) Continuous e.g. 1. No. of workers in the factory e.g. Height, weight, 2. No. of students in the class, etc temperature etc Data Types: 1]Raw : x1, x2, x3, 2]Simple grouped : x: x1, x2, x3, : f: f1, f2, f3, 3] Grouped data in class interval form Inclusive classes: Exclusive classes : Transformation of inclusive classes:

Classification
The data must be grouped and classified under proper heads according to some common characteristics. This facilitates having `likes' together and 'unlikes' together. 1. Repetition of phrases may be avoided. 2.Quick comparisons are possible. 3. It becomes easier to carry out calculations.

4.Remembering the data becomes easier.

5. Space and time are saved

The classification may be quality based ( sex, occupation, nationality language i.e. attributes- which can not be quantified), i.e. Qualitative quantity based ( age, income, prices, quantity etc. - i.e. variables), i.e. Quantitative time based i.e. Chronological or Temporal based on geographical location. i.e. Geographical or Spatial

1. Form a discrete frequency distribution from the following scores: 15, 18, 16, 20, 25, 24, 25, 20, 16, 15, 18, 18, 16, 24, 15, 20, 28, 30, 27, 16, 24, 25, 20, 18, 28, 27, 25, 24, 24, 18, 18, 25, 20, 16, 15, 20, 27, 28, 19, 16.
2. Construct a continuous frequency distribution table (inclusive type) of the following marks scored by class of 40 students: 20, 11, 11, 37, 15, 40, 31, 29, 8, 27, 13, 7, 29, 25, 37, 42, 30, 10, 9, 27, 25, 18, 2, 9, 47, 17, 11, 32, 41, 6, 29, 15, 13, 39, 21, 40, 10, 15, 3,4. 3. The weights in grams of 50 oranges picked up at random from consigned are as follows: 126, 131, 113, 82, 75, 204, 81, 84, 118, 104, 78, 90, 115, 110, 98, 106, 99, 107, 84, 76, 119, 93, 187, 139, 129, 130, 68, 195, 123, 125, 110, 80, 107,111, 141,136, 123, 90, 186, 82, 100, 109, 128, 115, 107, 115, 111, 92, 86, 70. Form a grouped frequency table by dividing the variable range into intervals of equal width, each corresponding to 20 gms in such a way that the midvalue of first class corresponds to 70 gms. ******************

Problems:

TABULATION THE PARTS OF A STATISTICAL TABLE 1.Table number : A table should be given a number. A number facilitates ready reference to the table. 2. Title : A proper, brief and self-explanatory title should be given to the table to know the coverage of the table. 3. Head note - It covers some additional information not covered in stub or caption. Generally the units are specified in head note.

4. Body : It covers numerical information to be given in the table.

5. Stub : The row-titles form the stub. 6. Caption : The column titles form the caption. 7. Foot note : It gives explanations about short forms, symbols and abbreviations in the table. 8. Source note : It covers the note of source to know the validity and reliability of information in the table.

Table Table Number Title

Stub

Caption
Body

Total

Total Footnote: Source:

Problems:
1. Present the following information in a suitable form: In 1985, out of a total of 4,000 workers in a factory, 3,300 were members of a trade union. The number of women workers employed was 500 out of which 400 did not belong to any union. In 1984, the number of workers in union was 3,450 of which 3,200 were men. The number of non-union workers was 760 of which 330 were women. 2.Transforming the ratios into corresponding numbers, prepare a complete table for the following information. Give a suitable title to the table. In the year 1999, the total strength of three colleges A, B and C in a city were in the ratio 4:2:5. The strength of college B was 1000. The proportion of girls and boys in all colleges was in the ratio 2:3. The faculty-wise distribution of boys and girls in the faculties of Arts, Science and Commerce was in the ratio 1:2:3 in all three colleges. **************

Diagrammatic Presentation of Data

Why use diagrams and/or charts? Although presenting tables of numbers can be very informative, they can lack visual impact. You may want the user to see the message instantly. A diagram, chart or graph can help by summarizing the key features of the data, and representing it as a picture. There are many different types of diagram and chart. To help decide which best suits your needs, each of the following is looked at in detail below:
Bar chart Pie chart Histogram Frequency Curve/ Frequency Polygon Ogive Curves

Presentation of Data Bar chart

(Showing money invested in navigation search)

Multiple Bar chart: This bar chart shows both the results of 2004, and those of 1999:

Column Graph/Component Bar Chart/Sub-divided Bar Chart Column graph showing various modes of transport taken by college going student

Pie Chart

The pie chart quickly tells you that the majority of students like rap best (50%), and the remaining students prefer alternative (25%), rock and roll (13%), country (10%) and classical (2%). Tip! When drawing a pie chart, ensure that the

segments are ordered by size (largest to smallest) and in a clockwise direction.

Problems:
1. The monthly production of Maruti Udyog Limited for the first six months of the year 1985 are given below: Months : Jan. Feb. March April May June Production: 250 300 340 320 270 240 Represent by bar chart. 2. The following shows the results of Secondary Examination in a school in two consecutive years: Year 1980 1981 No. of candidates appeared 400 460 Passed in all 350 390 Passed in first division 80 90 passed in second division 150 160 Represent the number of candidates passed in first, second, third divisions by a suitable chart.

3. Draw a circular diagram (Pie Chart) from the following data: Revenue of Central Government: Source Revenue (in Cores of Rs.) Customs 160 Excise 500 Income Tax 330 Corporation Tax 110 Other Sources 100

4. Draw a Pie chart to represent the following: Items: wages materials taxes profit administration Expenses: 125 110 180 65 20

Frequency Curve / Frequency Polygon

Histogram
Class interval: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Frequency : 1 3 6 4 2

Histogram
Frequency Table Group Count 09 1 10 19 2 20 29 3 30 39 4 40 49 5 50 59 4 60 69 3 70 79 2 80 89 2 90 99 1

Frequency Curve And Histgram

Ogive Curve (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

Ogive Curve (Cumulative Frequency Curve)

Problems:
1. Draw frequency polygon and histogram of the following frequency distribution showing the number of boys on the register of the school. Age(in years): 2-5 5-8 8-11 11-14 14-17 17-20 No. of boys(in000): 15 20 30 40 25 10 2. Draw a histogram and ogive Curve: Wages/(Rs.) : 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 No. of employees: 8 10 16 12 7 ***********