=
= 397.5 hp
Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2 lbm/gal
and the heating value H is 19,000 Btu/lbm (Table 1.1).
Thus, the fuel consumption rate is w
f
is
w
f
= 31.5 gal/hr (7.2 lbm/gal)
|
.
|
\
|
utes
hour
min 60
1
= 3.78 lbm/min
The total heat energy consumed by the engine is given by Eq.
1.2:
Q
i
= w
f
H
hp lbf ft
Btu lbf ft lbm Btu lbm
min/ / 000 , 33
) / 779 )( / 000 , 19 min( / 78 . 3
=
= 1,695.4 hp.
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200 rpm given
by Eq. 1.3 is
4 . 1695
5 . 397
= =
i
t
Q
P
E
= 0.234 or 23.4% Answer
Function:
Used to lower or raise drill strings, casing string and other
subsurface equipment into or out of hole.
Principal Components:
1. Derrick and substructure
2. Block and tackle
3. Draw works
Functions of Derrick:
1. Provides vertical height required to raise sections of pipe.
2. Rated according to their ability to withstand compressive
loads and (wind loads)
Components of Block and Tackle:
1. Crown block
2. Travelling block
3. Drilling line
1.3 Hoisting System
Components of
the hoisting
system
draw works the on imposed Load
block ing by travell supported Load
=
Principal Function:
To provide a mechanical advantage which permits easier
handling of large loads.
M= Mechanical advantage
F = tension in the fast line
The ideal mechanical advantage that assumes no friction in
the block and tackle can be determined from a force analysis
of the travelling block.
n F
f
= W
f
F
W
M =
M
i
= n
n W
W
=
/
Input power of block and tackle = p
i
P
i
= F
f
V
f
(1.5)
F
f
=draw works load
V
f
=velocity of fast line
P
h
=output power of the hook load
P
n
= W.V
b
(1.6)
W =travelling block load
V
b
=velocity of travelling block
n
V
V
f
b
=
h
V
V
f
b
=
friction no
V F
n V nF
P
P
E
f f
f f
i
h
1
) / ( ) (
=
= =
Power efficiency is
n F
W
E
f
=
actual system
Tension in the fast line
h
f
E
W
F =
(1.7)
Eq. 1.7 is used to select drilling line size.
F
d
= W + F
f
+ F
s
(1.8a)
F
d
=load applied to the derrick
F
s
=tension in the lead line
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
= + + =
En
En E
W
n
W
En
W
W F
d
1
fast dead
(1.8b)
Example 1.2: A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The
drawworks can provide an input power to the block and
tackle system as high as 500hp. Eight lines are strung
between the crown block and traveling block.
Calculate
(i) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending,
(ii) the maximum hook horsepower available,
(iii) the maximum hoisting speed,
(iv) the actual derrick load
(v) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and
(vi) the derrick efficiency factor.
Assume that the rig floor is arranged as shown in Fig 1.17.
Solution:
(i) the power efficiency of n=8 is given as 0.841 in Table 1.2.
The tension in the fast line is given by Eq. 1.7.
lbf
En
W
F
f
590 , 44
) 8 ( 841 . 0
000 , 300
= = =
(ii) The maximum hook horsepower available is
P
h
= E.
I
= 0.841 (500) = 420.5 hp
(iii) The maximum hoisting speed is given by
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
lbf
hp
lbf f t
hp
W
P
v
h
b
000 , 300
min / 000 , 33
5 . 420
= 46.3 ft/min
To pull a 90-ft stand would require
min 9 . 1
min / 3 . 46
90
= =
ft
ft
t
(iv) The actual derrick load is given by Eq. 1.8b
W
En
En E
F
d
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
1
) 000 , 300 (
) 8 ( 841 . 0
) 8 ( 841 . 0 841 . 0 1
|
|
.
|
\
| + +
=
= 382,090 lbf
(v) The maximum equivalent load is given by Eq. 1.9
lbf W
n
n
F
de
000 , 450 ) 000 , 300 (
8
4 8 4
=
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
(vi) The derrick efficiency factor is
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
000 , 450
090 , 382
de
d
d
F
F
E 0.849 or 84.9% Answer
Drawworks
Provide the hoisting and braking power required to raise or
lower the heavy strings of the pipe.
Principle Parts
The drums
The brakes
The transmission
The catheads
Main Parts:
1. Swivel
2. Kelly
3. Rotary Drive
4. Rotary Table
5. Drill Pipe
6. Drill Collar
1. Swivel:
Supports the weight of the drillstring and permits
rotation i.e. Bail and Gooseneck.
2. Kelly:
Square or Hexagonal to be gripped easily. Torque is
transmitting through kelly bushings. Kelly saver sub is
used to prevent wear on the kelly threads.
1.4 Rotary System
3. Slips:
During making up a joint slips are used to prevent
drillstring from falling in hole.
4. Rotary Drive:
Provides the power to turn the rotary table.
* Power Sub: can be used to connect casing.
5. Drill Pipe:
Specified by (a) Outer Diameter
(b) Weight per foot
(c) Steel grade
(d) Range Length
Range Length (ft)
1 18 to 22
2 27 to 30
3 38 to 45
Rotary System...
* Tool J oint: Female is called Box.
Male is called Pin.
* Upset : Thicker portion of the pipe.
* I nternal upset: Extra thick.
* Thread Type: Round, tungsten carbide hard facing.
6. Drill Collar:
Thick walled heavy steel pipe used to apply weight to the bit.
* Stabilizer Subs : Keep drill collars centralized.
* Capacity : Volume per unit Length.
Rotary System...
) (
4
2
1
2
2
d d A
a
=
t
) (
4
2
2
1
d d A
s
=
t
2
4
d A
p
t
=
= Capacity of pipe (1.13)
= Capacity of annulus (1.14)
= Displacement (1.15)
Capacity and displacement nomenclature
Rotary System...
Example 1.4: A drillstring is composed of 7,000 ft of 5-in.,
19.5-lbm/ft drillpipe and 500 ft of 8-in. OD by 2.75-in I D
drill collars when drilling a 9.875-in. borehole. Assuming
that the borehole remains in gauge, compute the number
of pump cycles required to circulate mud from the
surface to the bit and from the bottom of the hole to the
surface if the pump factor is 0.178 bbl/cycle.
Solution:
For field units of feet and barrels, Eq. 1.13 becomes
ft bbl
d
ft
in
gal
bbl
in
gal
in d A
p
/
4 . 029 , 1
12
42 . 231
.
4
2
3
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
Rotary System...
Using Table 1.5, the inner diameter of 5-in., 19.5 lbm/ft
drillpipe is 4.276 in.; thus, the capacity of the drillpipe is
ft bbl 01766 . 0
4 . 029 , 1
276 . 4
2
= =
And the capacity of the drill collars is
ft bbl 00735 . 0
4 . 029 , 1
75 . 2
2
= =
The number of pump cycles required to circulate new
mud bit is given by
| |
. 719
1781 . 0
) 500 ( 00735 . 0 ) 000 , 7 ( 01776 . 0
cycles
cycle bbl
bbl
=
+
=
Rotary System...
Similarly, the annular capacity outside the drillpipe is given by
ft bbl 0704 . 0
4 . 029 , 1
5 875 . 9
2 2
=
=
And the annulus capacity outside the drill collars is
ft bbl 0326 . 0
4 . 029 , 1
8 875 . 9
2 2
=
=
The pump cycles required to circulate mud from the bottom
of the hole to the surface is given by
| |
cycles
cycle bbl
858 , 2
1781 . 0
) 500 ( 0326 . 0 ) 000 , 7 ( 0704 . 0
=
+
=
Answer
Rotary System...
Components of the rotating system
Components:
1. Mud Pumps
2. Mud Pits
3. Mud Mixing Equipment
4. Contaminants Removal Equipment
Pumps:
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Piston Pumps.
Two-Cylinders - Duplex (Double Acting Forward-Backward)
Three-Cylinders - Triplex (Forward only Single Acting)
Duplex Triplex
Heavy Light
Bulky More Compact
High Output Pressure Lower
Pulsation Without Pulsation
Require more Maint. Cheaper to Operate
Therefore majority of new pumps are Triplex.
1.5 Circulating System
Advantages
(1) Ability to move high solid content fluids
(2) Ability to move large particles
(3) Ease to operation and maintenance
(4) Reliability
(5) Ability to operate over wide range of pressure s and flow
rates by changing the diameters of the pump liners and pistons.
Overall Pump Efficiency =Mechanical Efficiency x Volumetric Efficiency
E
m
= Mechanical Efficiency ~ 90%
E
v
= Volumetric Efficiency ~ 100%
Two Circulating pumps are installed on the rig.
Shallow portion both are used.
Deeper portion one is used.
Circulating System...
Components of the circulating System.
Circulating System...
Circulating System
Circulating System...
Pump Displacement
(1) Double Acting
Figure 1.25 (a)
dr = Piston rod diameter
d
L
= Liner diameter
L
s
= Stroke Length (Stroke = one complete pump revolution).
Forward Stroke Volume Displaced = (t/4) d
L
2
L
s
Backward Stroke Volume Displaced = (t/4) (d
L
2
- d
r
2
) L
s
(for one Cylinder)
Total Volume =Fp= 2 L
s
(t/4) (2L
L
2
- L
r
2
) . Ev (1.10)
(for two Cylinders)
Fp= Pump factor or pump displacement cycle.
Circulating System...
Example 1.3: Compute the pump factor in units of barrels
per stroke for a duplex pump having 6.5-in. liners, 2.54-
in. rods, 18-in. strokes and a volumetric efficiency of
90%?
Solution:
The pump factor for a duplex pump can be determined
using Eq 1.10:
Fp = 2 L
s
(t/4) (2L
L
2
- L
r
2
) . Ev
= (t/2) (18) [ 2(6.5)
2
- (2.5)
2
] . (0.9)
= 1991.2 in.
3
/stroke
or = 0.2052 bbl/stroke. Answer
(2) Triplex Acting
Figure 1.25(b)
Fp= 2 (t/4) d
L
2
L
s
. Ev (1.11)
q=flow rate = Fp . N
(Where N = no. of cycles per unit time)
Pumps are rated for
1. Hydraulic Power
2. Maximum Pressure
3. Maximum Flowrate
1714
q P
P
H
- A
=
P
H
=Pump Pressure, hp
P =I ncrease in pressure, psi
q =Flow rate (gal/min)
P cannot more than 3500 psi
(1.12)
Circulating System...
Flow conduits between pump and drill string include:
1. Surge chamber (Pulsation Damper)
2. 4 or 6 inch heavy-walled pipe connecting the pump to
a pump manifold located on the rig floor.
3. Standpipe and rotary hose.
4. Swivel
5. Kelly
Go over EXAMPLE 1.3.
Circulating System...
1. Shale shaker for coarse rock cuttings
2. Hydrocyclones and decanting centrifuge for fine particles.
3. Degasser
Gas as a drilling Fluid (Air, Natural gas)
1. Penetration rate is higher than water especially when
formation is strong and extremely low K.
2. Water flow is a problem.
3. Isolate by injecting
(a) Low Viscosity Plastic
(b) Silicon Tetrachloride
(c) Using Packers
4. Min. annular velocity is 3000 ft/min for injection pressure.
5. Use Foam.
Contaminant Removal
Circulating System...
Parameters displayed
1. Depth
2. Penetration rate
3. Hook Load
4. Rotary Speed
5. Rotary Torque
6. Pump Rate
7. Pump Pressure
8. Mud Density
9. Mud Temperature
10. Mud Salinity
11. Gas content of mud
12. Hazardous gas content of air
13. Pit Level
14. Mud Flow Rate.
* Centralized well monitoring system
* Mud Logger
* Subsurface well-monitoring and data telemetry systems
(mud pulser).
1.6 Well Monitoring System
Function:
Prevents the uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from the
wellbore.
Kick:
Flow of formation fluids in the presence of drilling fluid
(blowout).
Uses:
1. Detect the Kick
2. Close the well at the surface.
3. Circulate the well under pressure to remove
formation fluids and increase density.
4. Move drillstring under pressure.
5. Divert flow away from rig personnel and equipment.
1.7 Well Control System
Kick Detection During Drilling Operation
Kick Detection:
a. Pit volume indicator
b. Flow indicator
c. Hole fill up indicator (during tripping)
d. Count the pump strokes.
BOP (Blow Out Preventer)
Multiple BOPS used in series: BOP Stack
Ram Preventers Semi circular openings which
Pipe Rams match diameter of pipe
Blind Rams : Closes the hole, no pipe present.
Shear Rams: Blind rams that shear the pipe.
Working press: 2000, 5000, 10000, 15000 psig.
Annular Preventers (Bag-type): Rubber Ring
BOPE:Closed hydraulically or using screw-type locking.
Well Control System...
Accumulators
High pressure hydraulic system used to close the BOP.
* Fluid Capacity : 40, 80 120 gal.
* Max. Operating Pressure : 1500-3000 psig.
* has a small pump independent of rig power.
Strip Pipe
Lower pipe with preventer closed. Must be able to vary
closing pressure using pressure regulating system.
Drilling Spool
Placed between ram preventers
(1) provide space for stripping
(2) flowline attached to it.
Well Control System...
Kill Line
conduit used to pump into the annulus.
Choke Line Conduit used to release fluid
Diverter Line from the annulus.
Drilling Spools
Must be large enough to allow next casing to be put in
place without removing the BOP.
Casing Head (Braden Head)
Attached to BOP, welded to the first string of casing
cemented in the well.
Control Panel
To operate the BOP stack. RSRRS
Well Control System...
Rotating Head
Seals around the kelly at top of BOP stack, used for drilling with
slight surface pressure at annulus.
Kelly Cock
Close the flow inside kelly.
I nternal Blowout Preventers
Prevents flow inside drill string.
Adjustable Choke
Used during Kick circulation, controlled from a remote panel on
the rig floor.
Sufficient pressure must be held against the well by the choke so
that the bottomhole pressure in the well is maintained slightly
above the formation pressure.
* Working Press Systems: 2000,3000,5000,10000,15000 psig.
Well Control System...