chng V

Cc iu kin tn dng quy nh trong hp ng vay mn quc t.

I. Khi nim.
- Tn dng quc t l vic s dng vn ln nhau gia cc quc gia, hoc gia cc quc gia vi cc t chc ti chnh, tin t, tn dng quc t, hoc gia cc t nhin nhn v php nhn thuc cc quc gia khc nhau. - c im: + Quyn s hu quc t khng thay i. + Thay i quyn s dng vn. + Nguyn tc hon tr vn li.
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II. Phn loi tn dng quc t.

1. Cn c vo i tng cp tn dng.

1.1. Tn dng hng ha: nh XK cung cp cho nh nhp khu bng hng ha. c im: - Tn dng hng ha l mt b phn nm trong qu trnh ti sn xut hng ha. - Kim ngch cho vay nh. - Thi hn cho vay ngn. - Hn ch v phng hng v phm vi cho vay. - Vn c s tham gia ca NH.
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1. 2. Tn dng tin t: l tn dng m cc ngn hng, cc t chc ti chnh tn dng quc t cho vay cc doanh nghip XNK bng tin v cng c th l cc DN cho vay ln nhau. c im: - Tn dng tin t l tin tm thi nhn ri.
- S vn ng ca tn dng quc t khng phn nh s vn ng ca qu trnh ti sn xut - Quy m tn dng ln. - Phm vi ca tn dng tin t khng b hn ch. - Tn dng tin t l ngun h tr c lc tn dng hng ha pht trin.
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2. Cn c vo mc ch cp tn dng.

2.1. Tn dng xut khu: l tn dng m nh XK hoc NH cp cho ngi NK y mnh vic XK hng ha Tn dng XK bao gm: - Tn dng hi phiu c k hn. - Tn dng m ti khon. - Tn dng chp nhn hi phiu. - Tn dng cho vay qu ngch. - Tn dng m L/C.
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2.2. Tn dng nhp khu: l tn dng m nh NK hoc NH cp cho ngi XK nhp hng ha mt cch thun li
Tn dng NK bao gm: - Tn dng ng trc. - Tn dng c vt t m bo.

- Tn dng chit khu hi phiu.

- Tn dng cm c hi phiu.
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3. Cn c vo thi hn vay.

- Tn dng ngn hn (t 1 n 12 thng). - Tn dng trung hn (t 1 n 5 nm).

- Tn dng di hn (t 5 nm tr ln).

4. Cn c vo ch th cho vay.

4.1. Tn dng thng nghip: l tn dng gia cc nh doanh nghip vi nhau khng c s tham gia ca ngn hng Cc hnh thc ca tn dng thng nghip. - Tn dng thng nghip cp cho ngi XK (ng trc). - Tn dng thng nghip cp cho ngi NK (Chp nhn hi phiu hoc m ti khon)

- Tn dng ca ngi mi gii cp cho ngi XK v ngi NK. (Vay khng cm c; chit khu hi phiu; chp nhn hi phiu; cm c hng ha trn ng)
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4.2. Tn dng ngn hng: l tn dng khng lin quan ti cc hp ng mua bn, m l gia NH v cc nh doanh nghip. Cc hnh thc ca tn dng ngn hng. - Tn dng ngn hng cp cho ngi XK. - Tn dng ngn hng cp cho ngi NK. 4.3. Tn dng t nhn. 4.4. Tn dng nh nc. 4.5. Tn dng hn hp.
4.6. Tn dng ca cc t chc tin t tn dng quc t.
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5. Tn dng c bit.
5.1. Tn dng cho thu (leasing credit) 5.2. Tn dng theo iu kin t nhng ca Ngn hng ADB (Loans on concessional terms) 5.3. Tn dng iu chnh c cu (SALS Structural adjustment loans)

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III. Li sut tn dng

1. Khi nim: L t l % tnh theo nm, theo thng hoc theo ngy so snh gia s tin m ngi i vay phi tr thm cho ngi cho vay trn tng s tin vay sau mt thi hn nht nh s dng s tin vay .
V d: P= 100.000 USD

Tin li (gi) ca vn vay trong 1 nm: 600 USD

- Li sut = 600 100.000 = 6%/nm
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2. Phn loi:

2.1. Cn c vo nghip v kinh doanh ca ngn hng: - Li sut ngn hng i vay (BID rate). - Li sut ngn hng cho vay (Offered rate). - V d: Ngn hng cng b: 10%/10,5%.

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2.1. Cn c vo hnh thc ghp li

a. Li sut n (Ordinary rate) l li sut c hnh thnh do khng ghp li vo vn, thng l li sut danh ngha - Cng thc tnh: F (theo li sut n) = P(1+RN)
- Trong : + P: s tin vay ban u. + N: Thi hn tn dng + R: li sut n. + F: Kt qu u t, cho vay

V d:
+ P: 100.000 USD. + R: 5%/nm.

+ N: 5 nm
F = 100.000(1+0.05x5) = 125.000 USD
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b. Li sut ghp (Compound rate) l li sut c hnh thnh do ghp li vo vn theo tng thng, qu hoc nm. - Cng thc tnh: F (theo li sut ghp) = P(1+R)N - Trong : + P: s tin vay ban u. + N: Thi hn tn dng + R: li sut n. + F: Kt qu u t cho Vi v d trn: vay F = 100.000(1+0.05)5 = 127.600 USD
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(1+R)N 1 (1+0.05)5 - 1 Ta c: I (ghp) = -------------- = ---------------- = 5,52 %/nm (ca 1 nm) N 5

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2.2. Cn c vo cch cng b li sut trong hp ng tn dng - Li sut danh ngha: l li sut m c cng b
cng khai trong hp ng tn dng.

+ V d: li sut 20%/nm; mi qu 5%.

- Li sut thc t: l li sut khng cng b cng khai trong hp ng tn dng m phi tnh thc t.

+ V d: li sut 20%/nm; mi qu 5%, mi qu li ghp mt ln. (1+0.05)4 1 Ta c: I (qu) = 5,387 4 --------------= %/qu I (c nm) = 5.387 x 4 = 21,55%/nm
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2.3. Cn c vo phm vi p dng

- Li sut a phng. Do tng quc gia ring bit p dng trong phm vi nc . - Li sut quc t + Li sut LIBOR+ Li sut SIBOR

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III. Ph sut tn dng (Cost of Credit).

1. Khi nim:

L t l % tnh theo nm ca quan h so snh gia tng cc chi ph v tng s tin vay thc t. Tng s chi ph - T l % tnh theo nm thc t = Tng s tin vay thc t

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Tng chi ph vay thc t bao gm:

1. Li sut vay Ngn hng. V li sut vay ngn hng cn ch : + Li sut c cng b trong hp ng nhng khi tnh cn xem xt li sut thc t v li sut hp ng. + Li sut chim t trng rt ln trong ph sut tn dng. Ph sut ln hay nh phn ln ph thuc vo li sut. + Li sut ph thuc vo cung cu trn th trng vn. + Li sut ph thuc vo loi vay, thi hn vay ngn hay di, khng ph thuc vo vay t hay nhiu. + Mc li sut trn th gii ca cc nc khc nhau do tc lm pht khc nhau.
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2. L ph v th tc ph tr cho Ngn hng:

+ L ph v th tc ph khng ph thuc vo s lng vay v thi hn vay m ph thuc vo loi vay. + L ph v th tc ph thu ngay khi cp. 3. Ph hoa hng tr cho ngi mi gii tn dng.

4. Ph b mt m ngi i vay b ra c th vay ng loi, ng s lng, ng mc ch.

Tng s tin vay thc t = S tin vay danh ngha Tin t cc (L ph + th tc ph) Li ngn hng (nu Ngn hng thu trc) .
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V d:
- Tnh ph sut tn dng: 100.000 USD.
- Cp 1 ln: mt na. + 6 thng sau khi cp tr

- Li sut 5%/nm. + 4 thng sau khi tr ln 1 tr nt. Tin hoa hng tr cho ngi mi gii l 0,5%/tng s tin vay.
- Th tc ph l 0,1%/tng s tin vay tr Ngn hng. - Ngn hng thu ngay tin li v th tc ph. - Ngi vay phi gi ti Ngn hng cho vay thng xuyn 1 s tin bng 10%/tng s tin vay trong thi gian vay. Ngn hng s tr li khon ny bng 0,5%/nm. - Tng gi bn = Tn dng > Tin mt l 2%.
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Tnh: Thi hn tn dng.

- Thi hn tn dng chung: 10 thng - Thi hn tn dng trung bnh =
(10.000 x 6) + (50.000 x4) 100.000

= 8 thng

Tng chi ph thc t = tng chi ph danh ngha s tin li pht sinh t khon tin gi thng xuyn ti ngn hng cho vay. Tng chi ph danh ngha bao gm. - Li vay ngn hng = 100.000 x 5 x 8 100 x12 - Ph hoa hng: 100.000 USD x 0,5% = 500 USD - Th tc ph: 100.000 USD x 0,1% = 100 USD - Chnh lch gi: 100.000 USD x 2% = 2.000 USD
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= 3.334 USD

- Li thu t ngn hng =

100.000 x 10 x 0,5 x 10
100 x 100 x 12 = 42 USD

Tng chi ph thc t = 3.334 + 500 + 100+ 2.000 42 = 5.892 USD. S tn dng thc t c dng

= Tng s tin vay (Tin li + Th tc ph + S tin thng xuyn gi ti Ngn hng)

=100.000 (3.334 + 100 + 10.000) =86.566 USD. Ph sut tn dng = 5.892 x 12 x 100 86.566 x 8 = 10,2%

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Hai bn cn thng nht

IV. iu kin s dng tn dng.

1. Danh mc hng ha v ? % mua dch v nc ch n. - ? % mua nc con n v nc th ba. - Danh mc ph tng thay th, bn thit k, pht minh sng ch, quy trnh k thut. 2. Danh sch ngi cung cp hng ha ca nc ch n. - Ngi ch n quy nh mua hng ha u. - Phng php u thu. - K hp ng mua bn chu (Tn dng ngn hn) cn quy nh tr gi hp ng ti thiu i vay l ? mi c gi tr php l. 24

3. Nguyn tc xc nh gi c hng ha.

- Theo gi quc t.
- Theo h thng gi c ca nc cho vay.

- Nguyn tc tha thun tay i.

4. Tha thun nhng iu kin c quyn, c li cho vic s dng tin vay:
- Ngn hng pht triu chu ADB cho vay t nhng( Loans on concessional terms).

- Tn dng Sals (Structural Ajustment Loans) l loi tn dng iu chnh c cu ca WB v IMF.

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5. Quy nh v kh nng thanh ton.

- Ngi i vay c quyn bo lnh tn dng. V d, tn dng ngn hn < 720 ngy th NH Ngoi thng Vit Nam ng ra bo lnh; nu ln hn 10 nm th NHTW, kho bc nh nc, B ti chnh. - Ch n c quyn mua li nhng sn phm: cn c quy nh r rng. - Quy cch phm cht, iu kin giao hng, ng gi. - Cch xc nh gi c. - Thng nht thi hn mua li hng?/nm va tr n. Nu khng bn c hng th gii quyt nh th no?
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6. Quy nh iu kin hon tr tn dng.

- Tr tin bng hng ha.

- i tng hon tr, vay tin no tr tin y.

- Tr tin bng hng ha ca nc th 3. - Tr bng c phiu.

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V. Bo lnh tn dng.
1. Cn c vo iu kin bo lnh. - Bo lnh c iu kin - Bo lnh v iu kin. 2. Cn c vo mc ch bo lnh - Bo lnh tn dng (L/G for Loan). - Bo lnh u t (L/G for Investment).

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