CH 2 : NAUTICAL TERMS

Harbour
A sheltered area of the sea Vessels can be launched here / taken for repair / seek refuge in time of storm Types of Harbour:
Natural (eg Mumbai and Kandla) Semi Natural (eg. Visakhapatnam)

Artificial (eg. Chennai)

TYPES OF HARBOURS
Shore
Harbour Area Shore Wind
NATURAL

Harbour Area Wind Breakwater

Shore
Harbour Area Breakwater Breakwater Wind Pierhead

Wind
SEMI NATURAL

Wind

Wind
ARTIFICIAL

 Breakwater
Constructed to protect the enclosed area of water from storm waves The monolithic structure at the tip of a breakwater is called the Pierhead

 Port
It is a harbour where terminal facilities such as handling of stores, landing of passengers and cargo, etc. are added to it

Every port is a harbour; the converse is not true.

 Tides
They are periodic movements in the level of the surface of the sea due to the periodical forces (differential in gravitational pull) of Sun and Moon

Tides with a period of about a day are called diurnal tides; those with 12 h period are called Semi-diurnal tides

 Bores
The sudden rise of water up a channel It is an extreme case of the shallow water effect (eg. Tsunami) The water wall may be 0.3m to 4.5m high

Wharves or Quays
Constructed parallel to shore or Breakwater within the harbour Meant to permit berthing of vessel alongside for cargo working

 Jetties and Piers

Solid/ open structures with wide platform on top to permit cargo handling of vessels

Locked Basin
An enclosed basin where a No of vessels can be berthed Their entrance is controlled by gates The water level within the basin can be independent of outside water level changes

 Ballast
It is the weight added to improve the stability of the ship when unloaded Separate Ballast compartment are provided for the purpose, in which ballasting is being done (water is pumped in)

 Dry Dock
Provided for construction, repair and maintenance of ships

Types:
Graving Dry Dock Floating Dry Dock Marine Railway Dry Dock

The bottoms of ships require scraping and cleaning to maintain speed (contd)

 Dry Dock (contd..)

The docking arrangements expose the ships exterior fully and keep it out of water

The ship enters the dock, then the dock gate is closed. The dock is raised by unballasting (pumping out of water)
(Esquimalt Dry Dock in British Columbia has a length of 350m and width of 41m. It is constructed with concrete and granite altars. The 3 pumps have a capacity of 2,70,000 litres/ min each; and the dock can be emptied in 4h)

LOADING TERMS FOR SHIPS

Load Line / Plimsoll Line
Indicated by a line or set of lines out5side merchant ships It is the water level upto which the ship can be legally loaded

Displacement Load
The weight of ship and cargo loaded to the Load Line

LOADING TERMS FOR SHIPS

Displacement Light
The weight of ship in kN without cargo, fuel and stores

Dead Weight Tonnage

It is the Displacement Load less Displacement Light
It represents the carrying capacity of a ship

 Littoral Drift
It is a zig zag deposit of sand along the shore after erosion along the shore due to tides On such exposed shore, if a harbour is constructed in the path of Littoral Drift, there will be accumulation of sand on one side and erosion on the other side

Entrance Locks
These are the arrangements restrictions into a harbour for accessibility

 Jetties
These are the structures in the form of piled projections Built out from the shore to deep water
Provided where harbour entrance is affected by Littoral Drift or the sea is shallow for a long distance Used to berth vessels alongside

 Trestles
Light piers designed to withstand only vertical loads

Moles
These are the structures formed by rock filling and extending from shores Similar to Trestles, but constructed where water depth is less than 3m

Dolphins
These are used for anchorage purpose in the sea

Fenders
These are cushioning units to prevent damage due to collision between the vessel and the pier/ buoy/ jetty, etc.

LOADING TERMS FOR SHIPS

Gross Tonnage
It is the carrying capacity, expressed in volume (units of 100 cum)

Net Tonnage
It is the Gross Tonnage minus the space provided for crew, machinery, engine room and fuel

Cargo Tonnage
The commercial expression for the cargo carrying capacity in the vessel (measured in volume / wt)

BASIN WITH PROTECTIVE BREAKWATER

BUILT DRY DOCK

KEEL ALTARS

CONTAINER SHIP

ENTRANCE LOCK

CROSS SECTION OF A LOCK

DOCK AND BASIN

DRY DOCK

ENLARGED CROSS SECTION

MARINE RAILWAY DOCK

OFF SHORE TYPE FLOAGING DOCK

ROCK MOLE

2-BERTH PIER

WIND EFFECT ON SHORE LITTORAL DRIFT

FLEXIBLE DOLPHIN

FENDERS