HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

RSBI SMAN 2 Bengkulu

Endocrine System

Organs which secrete hormones

= endocrine glands = ductless glands = release hormones directly into the blood

Hormones = chemical substance

Affect other endocrine glands or body systems

Endocrine System

Contrast to exocrine glands

The other control system of the body working with the nervous system Organs not anatomically connected spread throughout body tissues

Function: Maintenance of homeostasis by changing physiological activity of cells

Major Endocrine Organs

Endocrine organs: very small only total about 110 grams in the human body Include:

Hypothalamus pituitary

(hypophysis) - anterior & posterior thyroid & parathyroid adrenals - cortex & medulla pancreas gonads - ovaries & testes pineal

Major Endocrine Organs

Categories of Hormones
1. Steroid Hormones derived from cholesterol produced in gonads & adrenal cortex 2. Non - Steroid Hormones derived from amino acids produced by other glands most common type of hormone

Control of Hormones
1. Hypothalamic Control

Hypothalamus produces chemical regulating factors releasing and inhibiting these regulating factors act on the anterior pituitary gland

2. Nervous System Control

Nerve impulses to posterior pituitary Autonomic stimulation of the adrenal medulla

3. Circulating Hormone Levels

Typically hormones are controlled by a negative feedback system

1. Hypothalamus
Produces several releasing and inhibiting factors that stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitarys secretion of hormones. Produces hormones that are stored in and released from posterior pituitary.

1. Hypothalamus

Also responsible for:

Regulation

of water balance

Esophageal

swallowing Body temperature regulation (shivering) Food/water intake (appetite) Sleep-wake cycle Autonomic functions

2. Pineal
Location: within Diencephalon Hormone

Melatonin

: Control of reproductive activity Regulate the bodys internal clock (circadian rhythms)

3. Pituitary Gland
Lies protected within the sphenoid bone About the size of a pea Exerts control over all other glands: master gland Controlled by the hypothalamus which controls the release of 6 hormones

3. Pituitary Gland

Made up of two separate glands

Anterior

lobe

Develops as an upward extension of the pharynx Secretes the growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, and other hormones which affect the sex organs
Posterior

lobe

Develops as a downward extension of the brain Produces vasopressin, oxytoxin and ADH

3. Pituitary Gland

Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis)

HORMONE FUNCTION Growth & mitosis in body cells Stimulates thyroid gland Stimulates adrenal cortex Stimulates gonads to produce ova/sperm Triggers ovulation Production of milk in breasts Stimulates melanocytes to increase production of melanin

1. HGH Human Growth Hormone 2. TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 3. ACTH - Adrenocortico-Tropic Hormone 4. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) 5. Luteinising Hormone 6. Prolactin\ 7. MSH -Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

3. Pituitary Gland

Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)

HORMONE FUNCTION Uterine Contractions; Secretion of milk Reduces urine output

1.

Oxytocin ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

2.

3. Pituitary Gland

Pathology
Hyperpituitarism

Excessive secretion of the growth hormone Results in acromegaly or Gigantism

Hypopituitarism

Insufficient production and secretion of the growth hormone Results in dwarfism

Excessive production of growth hormone during development can lead to gigantism

Excessive GH production during adulthood results in acromegaly (abnormal growth of bones in hands, feet, and head)

Deficient GH production in childhood can lead to hypopituitary dwarfism

2. Thyroid Gland
Location: Crosses in front of the second and third tracheal cartilages (just below the Adams apple) Composed of two pear shaped lobes separated by a middle strip of tissue called the isthmus (often resembles a butterfly)

2. Thyroid Gland
Consist of tiny sacs or follicles that are filled with a gelatinous yellow fluid called colloid The colloid contains the hormone secreted by the thyroid

2. Thyroid Gland

Hormones
TH - Thyroid Hormone: Thryoxin(T4) + Tri-iodothyronine (T3) : Increases basal metabolic rate 2. Calcitonin : Reduces blood calcium
1.

2. Thyroid Gland

Pathology
Hyperthyroidism

Overdevelopment or enlargement of the thyroid Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone which develops into Graves disease Symptoms

Goiter Exophthalmoses: a protrusion of the eyes caused by fatty tissue edema behind the eyes is present

2. Thyroid Gland

Pathology
Hypothyroidism

Underdevelopment of the thyroid gland and a deficiency of the thyroid hormone Most commonly effects the metabolic rate which makes it very low in activity

2. Thyroid Gland

Pathology
Nontoxic

Goiter

Enlargement of the thyroid with normal or low thyroid function Caused by an iodine deficiency May be geographically related
Thyroid

adenoma

Benign neoplasm of the thyroid

2. Thyroid Gland

Pathology
Thyroid

Carcinoma

Cancerous tumors of the thyroid gland

Thyroid cancer

Exophthalmos
Thyroid enlargement (Goiter)

3. Parathyroid Glands
Location: behind the thyroid gland Small round glands (2 on each side) Regulates the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood and bones Hormone

PTH

- Parathyroid Hormone : Increases blood calcium

3. Parathyroid Gland

Pathology
Hypoparathyroidism

The functioning of the parathyroid glands is decreased Causes muscular contraction Most likely all four lobes will be removed for treatment

3. Parathyroid Gland

Pathology
Hyperparathyroidism

Excessive secretion of parathormone levels leads to increased calcium in the blood Causes bone reabsorption to be hindered therefore resulting in a loss of bone density

4. Thymus Gland
Location: anterior chest Normally absent by ~ age 4\ Hormone:

Thymosin

: Promotes development of immune-system cells (T-lymphocytes)

5. Adrenal Glands
Location: just superior to each kidney and looks much like a cap perched on top of them Components

Adrenal

Cortex Adrenal Medula

5. Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Cortex
Hormones

Glucocorticoids : Regulate fats, carbohydrates and proteins CHO metabolism especially under stress; anti-inflammatory MineralocorticoidsRegulate electrolytes Gonadocorticoids Produce Small amounts of sex hormones

5. Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Medulla
Hormones

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

: Aids the body in meeting stressful situations (Mimic and magnify actions of sympathetic nervous system)

5. Adrenal Gland

Pathology
Neuroblastoma

A tumor of the adrenal medulla Second most common malignancy in children under age 5

5. Adrenal Gland

Pathology
Cushings

Syndorme

Hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex or a tumor related to the adrenal cortex Causes the body to enlarge in the trunk and the patients tend to have a round or moon-shaped face Also causes a fat pad to form on the shoulders creating a buffalo hump

4. Adrenal Gland

Pathology
Adrenal

Carcinoma

Cancer of the adrenal glands Usually grow very rapidly Treated by surgery

5. Pancreas
Location: between duodenum and spleen Hormones:

Glucagon

(produced by Alpha Cells):

Raises blood sugar

Insulin

(by Beta Cells)

Lower blood sugar

Somatostatin

(by Delta Cells)

Supresses release of growth hormone

5. Gonads

Ovaries
Location:

in abdominal cavity adjacent to the

uterus. Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Hormones

Estrogen
Progesterone

: Develops female sexual characteristics : Prepares uterus for pregnacy

5. Gonads

Testes
Location:

in the scrotum Controlled by anterior pituitary hormones FSH and LH Hormones:

Androgens (Testosteron) : Develop male sexual characteristics