Introduction

Each one of us is responsible for about 500gms of solid waste & 100-150 liters of sewage/sullage everyday

In interest of community it is essential to safely put these unwanted/discarded material away.

Waste
Solid Waste
Excrements
Waste Water

Solid Waste
Definition: The term Solid Waste is applied to unwanted or discarded waste materials from houses, street sweeping, commercial, industrial and agricultural operations, arising from mans activities.

Solid waste may include garbage (food waste) rubbish: paper plastic wood metal throw way containers glass demolition products: bricks pipes sewage treatment residue: sludge
sewage dead animals manure and other discarded materials etc

In cities it is called refuse, in country side it is called litter and in general it is called solid waste.

Worn out tiers, rubbers, plastics

Paper , plastic refuse

Paper, waste refuse

Domestic Food Waste, Paper, Garbage

Solid waste: a health hazard

Organic portion of solid waste ferments and favours fly breeding. Attracts rodents and vermin. The pathogens may be conveyed to man through flies and dust. Possibility of water and air pollution. Heaps of refuse present an un sightedly appearance and nuisance from bad odours.

Sources of refuse
Street refuse:
Refuse that is collected by street cleansing services or scavenging is called street refuse . It consist of leaves , straws, paper , animal droppings and litter of all kinds

Market refuse
Refuse collected from market is called market refuse contains large portions of purified vegetables and animal matter.

Stable litter: Refuse collected from stables are stable litter and it contains mainly animal droppings and left over animal feeds. Industrial refuse: It comprises of waste ranging from completely inert materials such as calcium carbonate to highly toxic and explosive compounds. Domestic refuse : It consists of ash, rubbish and garbage.

Stable litter

Industrial refuse

Domestic refuse

Methods of Disposal
Principal methods of refuse disposal are : Dumping Controlled tipping/sanitary landfill Incineration Composting Manure pits Burial

Dumping
Refuse is dumped in low lying areas partly as a method of reclamation of land. As a result of bacterial action, it decreases considerably in volume and gets converted to humus.

Draw backs of dumping

The refuse is exposed to flies and

rodents.
Source of nuisance from the site of smell and unsightly appearance The loose disperse is dispersed by action of wind Drainage from dumps contributes to pollution of surface and ground water.

Draw backs of dumping

Controlled tipping
Controlled tipping or sanitary landfill : It is the most satisfactory method of refuse disposal where suitable land is available. The material is placed in a trench or other prepared area, adequately compacted, and covered with earth at the end of working day.

Controlled tipping/sanitary landfill

The following methods are used in this operation: Trench method Ramp method Area method

Three methods of control tipping

The trench method : A long trench is dug out 2-3m deep and 4-12m wide. The refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth.

Ramp method
This method is well suited where the terrain is moderately sloping. Some excavation is done to secure the covering material

This method is used for land depressions, disused quarries and clay pits.

The area method

The refuse is deposited packed and consolidated in uniform layers up to 2 to 2.5 m deep

Each layer is sealed on its exposed surface with mud cover at least 30cm thick. Such sealing prevents infestation by flies and rodents and suppresses nuisances of smell and dust.

INCINERATION
Incineration means refuse can be disposed of hygienically by burning .It is the best method when suitable land is not available. Hospital refuse is dispose by this method.

Incineration
The refuse is reduced to one fourth its original weight and the residue is called clinker which is used for road making after mixing with lime.

The incinerator consist of A furnace or combustion chamber maintained at over 1200 degree Celsius. A platform for tipping the refuse. Stokers for raking the refuse forward. Baffle plate to drive out all fumes.

Incineration

Disadvantages
Its very expensive. Moisture presence during rainy season affects burning of refuse. Manipulative difficulties in operating incinerator.

Composting
Composting is a method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil and sludge.

Composting
It is a process of nature whereby organic matter breaks down under bacterial action resulting in formation of relatively stable humus like material called the compost which has considerable manurial value for soil.

Different methods of composting

Bangalore method/ Anaerobic method: It is also called the hot fermentation process. Satisfactory method of disposal of town waste and night soil.

Anaerobic composting
Trenches are dug 3ft deep,5-8 mts broad and 15-30 ft long It should be located mile away from city limits

 First a layer of refuse about 6 inches thick is spread at the bottom of the trench. Over this night soil is added corresponding to a thickness of 2 inches. Then alternate layers of refuse and night soil are added in proportion of 6 inches thick is spread at the bottom of the trench. Till the heap rise to the 1 ft. above the groun level. Top layer should be of refuse atleast 9 inches thick. Then heap is covered with excavated earth.

An aerobic composting

 Within 7 days as a result of bacterial action considerable heat is generated in the compost mass. (60 0 C) This heat persist for 2-3 weeks, serves to decompose all refuse & night soil & to destroy all pathogenic and parasitic organisms. At the end of 4 to 6 months , decomposition is complete and resulting manure is well decomposed ,odourless, innocuous material of high manure value ready for application of land.

Mechanical composting/aerobic method

Compost is manufactured on large scale by processing raw materials. The refuse is first cleared of salvable materials such as rags, bones, metal glass, items which are rendered to interfere in grinding. It is then pulverized in pulverizing equipment in order to reduce size of the particle to less than 2 inches.

The pulverized refuse is then mixed with sewage ,sludge or night soil in a rotating machine and incubated. The entire process of composting is complete in 4-6 weeks.

Manure pits
Manure pits is the best method of refuse disposal by individual house holders. The garbage ,cattle dung, straw and leaves should be dumped into the manure pits

Burial
This suitable camps. method is for small

A trench 1.5cm wide and 2 m deep is excavated and at end of each day the refuse is covered with 20 -30 cm of earth

 When the level in the trench is 40cm from ground level, the trench is filled with earth and compacted. A new trench is dugged out.

The contents may be taken out after 4 to 6 months and used in fields

 In 5-6 months time, refuse is converted into manure which can be returned to the field. This method of refuse disposal is effective and relatively simple in rural communities.

Let the waste of the sick not contaminate the lives of The Healthy

THANK YOU

Hospital waste management

Definition: Acc to bio medical waste rules ,1998 of India bio-medical waste means any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities.

Hospital waste disposal

Classification of health care waste

Waste category Infectious waste

Description and examples

Lab cultures Waste from isolation wards Tissues(swabs) Materials/equipments of infected patients excreta Human tissues/fluids Body parts Blood or body fluids

Pathological waste

Pathological waste

Pathological Waste

Blood bags found in the municipal waste stream in violation of rules for such waste.

Sharp waste

Pharmaceutical waste Genotoxic waste

needles Infusion sets Scalpels Knives blades Broken glass Expired pharmaceuticals Contaminated pharmaceuticals Banned pharmaceuticals Waste containing cytotoxic drugs(often used in cancer theraphy) Genotoxic chemicals

Pharmaceutical Waste

Sharp Waste

Chemical waste

Waste with high content of heavy metals

Pressurized containers Radioactive waste

Lab reagents Film developer Expired disinfectants Expired solvents Batteries Broken thermometers Blood pressure guages etc Gas cylinders Gas catridges Aerosol cans Radiotherapy/lab research liquids Contaminated glass wares, packages, absorbent papers

Genotoxic waste

Cytotoxic drugs

Chemical waste
Lab reagents

Waste with high content of heavy metals

Worn out batteries

Blood pressure guages

Aerosol cans

PRESSURISED CONTAINERS

Gas cartridges

Gas cylinders

Radioactive waste

Government/private hospitals Nursing homes Physician/dentist office or clinic Dispensaries Primary health care centers Medical research and training centers animal./slaughter houses labs/research organizations Vaccinating centers Bio tech institutions/production units

Sources of health care waste

Health hazards of health care waste

1. Hazards from infectious waste and sharps 2. Hazards from chemical and pharmaceutical waste 3. Hazard from Genotoxic waste 4. Hazards from radioactive waste

Treatment and disposal methods of hospital waste

Incineration

Chemical disinfection
Wet and dry thermal treatment 1. Wet thermal treatment: 2. Screw-feed technology Micro wave irradiation Land disposal 1. Municipal disposal sites 2. Sanitary landfills Inertization

Incineration

Incineration is a high temperature dry oxidation process that reduces organic and combustible waste to inorganic incombustible matter and results in a very significant reduction in wastevolume and weight. The process is usually selected to treat wastes that cannot be recycled, reused.

Waste types not be incinerated are

pressurized gas containers; Large amount of reactive chemical wastes; Silver salts and photographic or radiographic wastes: Halogenated plastics such as PVC; Waste with high mercury or cadmium content, such as broken thermometers, used batteries, and lead-lined wooden panels; and Sealed ampoules or ampoules containing heavy metals

Types of incinerators

Three basic kinds of incineration technology are of interest for treating health-care waste.: Double-chamber pyrolytic incinerators which may be especially designed to burn infectious health-care waste; Single-chamber furnaces with static grate, which should be used only if pyrolytic incinerators are not affordable; Rotary kilns operating at high temperatures, capable of causing decomposition of genotoxic substances and heat-resistant chemicals.

Exhaust gas to atmosphere ashes

In post combustion chamber

Flue gas cleaning

ashes

Waste water

Flue gas

steam

Heat recovery

air waste

furnace

Water discharge
Waste water

ashes

Waste water treatment

sludges

ROTARY KILN

PYROLYTIC INCINERATOR

Drum /brick incinerator

II. Chemical disinfection

Chemical are added to waste to kill or inactivate the pathogens. this treatment usually results in disinfection rather than sterilization. Chemical disinfection is most suitable for treating liquid waste such as blood, urine, stools or hospital sewage. However, solid wastes including microbiological cultures, sharps etc, may also be disinfected chemically with certain limitations.

Type of chemical disinfectant

FORMALDEHYDE ETHYLENE OXIDE GLUTARALDEHYDE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE CHLORINE DIOXIDE

III. Wet and dry thermal treatment

Wet thermal treatment: Wet thermal treatment or steam disinfection is based on exposure of infectious waste to high temperature, high pressure steam, and is similar to the autoclave sterilization process. The process is inappropriate for the treatment of anatomical waste and animal waste, and will not efficiently treat chemical and pharmaceutical waste.

III. Wet and dry thermal treatment

Screw-feed technology: Screw feed technology is the basis of a non-burn, dry thermal disinfection process in which waste is shredded and heated in a rotating auger. The waste is reduced by 80 % in volume and by 20-35 % in weight. This process is suitable for treating infectious waste and sharps, but it should not be used to process pathological, cytotoxic or radioactive waste.

IV. Micro wave irradiation

Most microorganisms are destroyed by the action of microwave of a frequency of about 2450 MHZ and a wave length of 12.24 cm. The water contained within the waste is rapidly heated by the microwaves and the infectious components are destroyed by heat conduction. The efficiency of the microwave disinfection should be checked routinely through bacteriological and virological tests.

V. Land disposal
Municipal disposal sites: There are two types of disposal land open dumps and sanitary landfills. Health-care waste should not be deposited on or around open dumps. The risk of either people or animals coming into contact with infectious pathogens is obvious. SAFE BURYING:

VI. Inertization
The process of Inertization involves mixing waste with cement and other substances before disposal, in order to minimize the risk of contamination of ground water by toxic substances A typical proportion of the mixture is 65% pharmaceutical waste. 15 %lime, 15% cement and 5 % water. A homogeneous mass is formed as cubes or pellets are produced on site and then transported to suitable storage sites.

ENCAPSULATION
It involves filling containers, made up with high density polethylene or metal drums with waste. Then filled with a medium of immoblizing material such as plastic foam, cement mortar and clay. After medium has dried, the containers are sealed and disposed of in landfil sites.

TREATMENT/DI SPOSAL METHOD

ADVANTAGES
Adequate

DISADVANTAGES High investment and operating costs

all infect waste most Chemical waste Pharmaceutical waste Pyrolytic Adequate all incineration infect waste Most pharmaceutical waste Chemical waste Rotary kiln

Incomplete

destruction of cytotoxics Relative high investment

Singlechamber incinerator

Good

dis infection efficiency Drastic reduction of wt & volume of waste Residues disposed in landfills No need of high trained operators Low investment/operating cost
Drastic

Significant

emissions of atmos pollutants Need for periodic removal of slag &soot Inefficient in destroying thermally resistant chem /drugs
Massive

Drum/ brick incinerator

reduction of wt &volume of waste Very low investment & operation

emission of black smoke, ash toxic flue gas

SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATOR

DRUM/BRICK INCINERATION

Chemical Highly efficient disinfectio disinfection under good n operating conditions Chemical disinfectants are relatively inexpensive

Requires

highly

Wet thermal treatment

qualified technicians for operating of the process Uses hazardous substances that requires comprehensive safety measures Environmentally sound Shredders are subject to Relatively low frequent investment/operating breakdowns costs Poor functioning

CHEMICAL DISINFECTION

WET THERMAL TREATMENT

Off-site wet thermal (or "steam autoclave") treatment facility

requires qualified technicians Inadequate for anatomical, pharmaceutical,chemic al waste ,waste that is not steam permeable Microwa Good disinfection High investment& ve efficiency under operating costs irradiati appropriate Potential operation on conditions Maintenance Drastic reduction in problems waste volume Environmentally sound

Operating

MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

encapsulatio n

Simple Low Safe

Not

cost

recommended for non sharp infectious waste

Safe burying

Low

cost Safe only if access to Relatively safe site is limited and if access to site certain precautions are taken is restricted
Relatively Not

inertization

inexpensive

applicable to infectious waste

ENCAPSULATION

Inertisation, Immobilisation

Bio medical waste management in India

Biomedical waste (management &handling) rule 1998, prescribed by the ministry of environment and forests, govt of India, came into force on 28th July 1998. Thus bio medical waste should be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation of waste. Thus colour coding & type of containers used for disposal of waste is came into existence which is shown as follows

Colour coding

Type of container

Waste category

Treatment options

yellow

Plastic bag

Human

anatomical

waste Animal waste Microbiology &biotech waste, solid waste Red Dis infected container/pla stic bag
Micro&biotech Solid

Incineration/d eep burial

waste

Autoclaving Microwaving Chem

waste

Rx

Black

Plastic

bag

Discarded

Disposal

medicines Cytotoxic drugs Incineration ash chemicals

in secured landfills

Blue/ Plastic bag white Pucture transl proof ucent container

Sharp

waste Solid waste

Autoclaving Microwaving Chem

Rx Destruction/ shredding

 Thus refuse disposal cannot be solved without public education. Individual participation is required. Municipality and government should pay importance to disposal of waste economically. Start disposing waste first from within your home, then outside home, then neighbourhood ,then your street, your area ,city and then the nation and the world. Lets make this world a better place to live in.

Conclusion

References
PARKS

textbook of preventive and social medicine,18th edition Essentials of preventive and community dentistry -SOBEN PETER,3rd edition Textbook of preventive and community dentistry-JOSEPH JOHN