BY : ABIDAH BT SARAJUL HAQ SEKOLAH TUANKU ABDUL RAHMAN, IPOH

About Plat Tectonics

Plate tectonics tells us that the earths rigid outer shell is broken into a mosaic of oceanic and continental plates which can slide over the plastics nesthemosphere, which is the upper most layer of the mantle. The plates are in constant motion where they interact, along their margins, important geological process take place, such as mountain belts, earthquake and volcanoes.

Earthquake
An earthquake is a sudden shift in the tectonic plates in the earth crust. This is manifested by the moving and shaking of the ground, and can be massively damaging to poorly built structures. The most powerful earthquake can destroy even the best built structures. In addition, they can trigger a second disaster such as tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.

Earthquakes occur along fault lines and are unpredictable. They are capable of killing thousands of people, such as in 1976 Tangshan and 2004 Indian Ocean incidents. There are 3 main plate tectonics : extended, transformed and compressed . Plate boundaries in different localities are subject to different inter plate stresses, producing earhquakes.

TYPES OF PLATE TECTONICS

Extended

Compressed

Transformed

Richter Scale

Earthquake can measured by using seismograph. Earthquake strength can separate into 9 types that refers to richter scale. Earthquake Strength
Lower than 3.5 3.5-5.4

Effects
Generally not felt, but recorded. Often felt, but rarely causes damage.

At most slight damage to well designed buildings. Can cause Lower than 6.0 major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 km across where people 6.1-6.9 live. Major earthquake can cause serious damage over larger areas. 7.0-7.9

8.0 or greater

Great earthquake can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometres across.

SEISMOGRAPH

Sensitive seismograph are the principal tool of scientist who study earthquakes.1000 of seismograph stations are in the operation throughout the world.

Seismograph is a simple pendulum.When the ground shakes, the base and frame of the instrument move with it. But, keep the pendulum bob in place. It will then appear to move, relative to the shaking ground. As it moves it records the pendulum diplacements as they change with tine, tracing out a record called seismograph.

EARTHQUAKE HISTORY ON 20th & 21st CENTURY

26 December 2004 8.9 on Richter Scale shaking Aceh and trigger of tsunami. It was a powerful earthquake in a decade 26 December 2003 The powerful earthquake in Bam, Iran that measured 6.9 on Ricther Scale cause 41,000 people were killed. 21 May 2001 In North Afghanistan, 1000 people were killed because of earthquake measured 5.8 on Richter Scale.

21 September 1999 Taiwan, measured 7.9 on Richter Scale caused 2,400 people were killed. 17 August 1999 In west Turkey, measured 7.4 on Richter Scale and caused 17,000 people were killed. 30 May 1998 In north Afghanistan and Tajikistan with measured 6.9 on Richter Scale and caused 5,000 people were killed. 17 January 1995 In Kobe, Japan with measured 7.2 on Richter Scale and caused 6,000 people were killed.

7 December 1988 In west Armenia earthquake occurred with 6.9 on Richter Scale and caused 25,000 people were killed. 28 July 1976 In Tangshan, China, measured 7.8 on Richter Scale and 240,000 people were killed. 29 February 1960 In south-west Maghribi, with 5.7 on Richter Scale caused 57,000 people were killed and destroyed whole Agadir town. 29 Disember 1939 In Erzincan State, Turkey with 7.9 on Richter Scale and 33,000 people were killed. 1 September 1923 In Yokohama, 140,000 people were killed effected from earthquake with 8.5 on Richter Scale.